kidney stone self care basics
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
A kidney stone is a hard lump made of minerals and salts that forms inside your kidneys. It can cause pain when it moves through your urinary tract (the tubes that carry urine out of your body).
Key facts
- Most kidney stones are small enough to pass on their own with plenty of water.
- Kidney stones are common and can be very painful, but they are rarely life-threatening.
- Drinking enough fluids, especially water, is the most helpful step you can take.
Yes. Kidney stones affect about 1 in 10 people at some point in their lives.
Anyone can get a kidney stone, but they are more common in adults, particularly men. Your risk may be higher if you have a family history, are overweight, or do not drink enough water.
Symptoms
- Fever or chills along with pain (this can mean an infection)
- You cannot pass any urine
- Severe nausea and vomiting that stops you keeping fluids down
- Pain so bad you cannot sit still or find a comfortable position
- ⚠Blood in your urine
- ⚠Burning or stinging when you urinate
- ⚠Pain that keeps getting worse or does not ease after a few hours
Common symptoms
- Sharp pain in your side, back, or lower belly that comes and goes
- Pain when you urinate
- Pink, red, or brown urine
- Cloudy, strong-smelling urine
- Feeling sick to your stomach or vomiting
Symptoms in children
- In children, kidney stones may cause belly pain, fussiness, or vomiting rather than typical side pain.
Symptoms in older adults
- Older adults might have less specific symptoms, like confusion, tiredness, or a urinary infection with no obvious pain.
Causes
Main causes
- Not drinking enough water over a long time
- A diet very high in salt, sugar, or animal protein
- Certain medical conditions that make your urine more concentrated
- Family history of kidney stones
Risk factors
- Dehydration, especially in hot weather or during exercise
- Obesity or a high body mass index
- Digestive diseases or surgery that affect how your body absorbs nutrients
- Some over-the-counter supplements (ask your healthcare team about your own risk)
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- Call your doctor or local health service the same day if you have fever, chills, or shaking, you cannot keep fluids down, or you are passing almost no urine.
Book a routine appointment if:
- See your doctor if you notice blood in your urine, have pain while urinating, or you have had a kidney stone before and want to prevent new ones.
Diagnosis
A doctor will usually ask about your symptoms, examine you, and order one or more tests to look for a stone and check how well your kidneys are working.
Tests that may be done
- Urine test to check for blood, infection, or minerals
- Blood test to measure kidney function
- Imaging scan (CT scan or ultrasound) to see the stone and its size
What to expect at your appointment
You may be asked to collect a urine sample and possibly a blood sample. Imaging scans are painless. It may take a few days to get all results, but the doctor will explain them clearly.
Treatment
Many kidney stones pass on their own, especially small ones. Treatment focuses on managing pain, helping the stone move, and preventing complications.
Self-care at home
- Drink plenty of water (aim for clear or pale-yellow urine, but do not overdo it if your doctor advises limits)
- Rest on a comfortable surface and apply a heating pad (not directly onto bare skin)
- Take pain relief exactly as advised by your doctor or pharmacist (do not exceed the recommended dose)
- Strain your urine through a fine mesh or cloth to catch the stone for testing
Medical treatments
If a stone does not pass, doctors can use a method called shock-wave lithotripsy to break the stone into smaller pieces, or a scope to remove it. They may also give medicines that help relax the urinary tract, making it easier for the stone to pass. Your doctor will discuss the best option for your situation.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is usually only needed if the stone is very large, is blocking urine flow, or has caused an infection. Most stones can be treated without open surgery.
Living with this condition
While waiting for a stone to pass, drink plenty of fluids, rest, and stay in touch with your healthcare team. Keep a record of when pain occurs and what you were doing, as this can help your doctor.
Lifestyle tips
- Drink enough water throughout the day, not just when thirsty
- Limit foods high in salt and animal protein
- Keep a healthy weight with regular physical activity
- Avoid regular sugary drinks, especially soda
Diet and exercise
A balanced diet with vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and low-fat dairy is often recommended. Exercise helps you stay at a healthy weight, which lowers your risk. Your doctor may refer you to a dietitian if your stones keep coming back.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Severe pain can be exhausting and worrying. If you feel anxious, scared, or low, talk to your doctor or a counsellor. Your emotional wellbeing matters as much as the physical pain.
Prevention
Yes, kidney stones can often be prevented. The single most important step is drinking enough liquid, mostly water, to keep your urine dilute.
Vaccines
Kidney stones are not prevented with vaccines.
Screening programmes
There is no routine screening for kidney stones in otherwise healthy people, but your doctor may check your urine and blood if you get stones often.
Complications
If left untreated
- Infection of your urinary tract or kidneys
- Blockage that stops urine flowing out of a kidney
- Scarring or damage to kidney tissue
- Recurrent stones forming in the future
Long-term outlook
Most kidney stones pass on their own, and medical treatments are very successful. With good self-care and prevention, you can reduce your risk of another stone and get back to a healthy, active life.
Find support
Local organisations
External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.
Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Related conditions
Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 31, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.