Liver function tests
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Liver function tests (LFTs) are a group of blood tests that help check how well your liver is working. They measure levels of certain proteins, enzymes, and waste products that the liver makes or processes. Abnormal results can point to liver injury or disease, but they are not a diagnosis on their own.
Key facts
- LFTs are simple blood tests, often done as part of a routine check-up.
- They include measurements like ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin, and albumin.
- High or low levels can suggest liver inflammation, damage, or blockage, but further tests are needed to confirm the cause.
Yes, liver function tests are very common. Many people have them done during routine health checks or when they have symptoms like fatigue, jaundice, or abdominal pain.
Anyone can have liver function tests. They are often done for people with risk factors for liver disease, such as heavy alcohol use, obesity, diabetes, or a family history of liver problems, as well as for those taking certain medications.
Symptoms
- Sudden, severe pain in the upper right belly
- Vomiting blood or material that looks like coffee grounds
- Black, tar-like stools
- Confusion, slurred speech, or loss of consciousness
- ⚠Jaundice that gets worse quickly
- ⚠Signs of fluid buildup in the belly (swelling that feels tight)
- ⚠Severe nausea or vomiting that prevents you from keeping fluids down
Common symptoms
- Fatigue or feeling very tired
- Nausea or vomiting
- Loss of appetite
- Mild pain or discomfort in the upper right side of the belly
- Dark urine or pale stools
- Yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)
Symptoms in children
- Poor weight gain or growth
- Persistent vomiting
- Yellow skin or eyes that doesn't go away
- Unusual fussiness or sleepiness
Symptoms in older adults
- Confusion or memory changes (may be signs of hepatic encephalopathy)
- Unexplained weight loss
- Swelling in the legs or abdomen
Causes
Main causes
- Liver inflammation from viruses (like hepatitis A, B, or C)
- Excessive alcohol use over time
- Fatty liver disease, often linked to obesity or diabetes
- Medication side effects (e.g., some pain relievers, antibiotics, or supplements)
- Blockage of bile ducts (e.g., from gallstones) or liver tumours
Risk factors
- Heavy or long-term alcohol use
- Obesity or being overweight
- Diabetes or insulin resistance
- History of hepatitis infection
- Family history of liver disease
- Use of certain prescription or over-the-counter medicines and herbal supplements
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- If you have yellow skin or eyes that appears suddenly
- If you have severe belly pain or swelling
- If you vomit blood or pass black stools
Book a routine appointment if:
- If you have ongoing fatigue, nausea, or loss of appetite
- If you are worried about your liver because of alcohol use or other risks
- If you are due for a routine health check and want to discuss liver health
Diagnosis
Liver function tests are diagnosed through a simple blood sample taken from a vein in your arm. The lab measures several markers; if results are abnormal, your doctor may order further tests to find the cause.
Tests that may be done
- Blood test: LFT panel (ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin, albumin, and others)
- Imaging: Ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to look at liver structure
- Liver biopsy: a small sample of liver tissue is taken to check for damage or disease
What to expect at your appointment
The blood test itself takes only a few minutes. You may be asked to avoid food or drink for 8–12 hours beforehand because certain results (like fasting sugar or some enzymes) can be affected. After the test, you can go back to normal activities. Your doctor will discuss the results with you, usually within a few days.
Treatment
Treatment depends entirely on what is causing the abnormal liver function. The goal is to address the underlying problem, not to 'fix' the LFT numbers directly. Your doctor will explain the most appropriate options based on your results and overall health.
Self-care at home
- Limit or stop alcohol consumption as advised by your doctor.
- Eat a balanced diet low in processed foods and added sugar.
- Maintain a healthy weight through diet and physical activity.
- Avoid using unnecessary medications or supplements that may stress the liver.
Medical treatments
Depending on the cause, treatment may include medications to manage hepatitis (antiviral drugs), medicines to reduce inflammation, or treatments to help remove excess iron or copper. In cases of fatty liver disease, lifestyle changes are often the main treatment. Never stop or change any prescribed medications without talking to your doctor.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery may be needed if there is a blockage in the bile ducts, a liver abscess, or a tumour. Liver transplantation is considered only for severe, irreversible liver failure.
Living with this condition
Living with abnormal liver function often means making long-term healthy choices. You will need regular check-ups and blood tests to monitor your liver. It's important to follow your doctor's advice and avoid things that can harm the liver, like excessive alcohol and certain medications.
Lifestyle tips
- Avoid alcohol completely if your doctor recommends it.
- Get vaccinated for hepatitis A and B to prevent further liver injury.
- Practice safe sex and avoid sharing needles to prevent hepatitis.
- Take all medications only as prescribed, and tell your doctor about any over-the-counter drugs or herbs you use.
Diet and exercise
A liver-friendly diet includes plenty of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and lean protein (like fish, chicken, or beans). Limit salt, sugar, and saturated fats. Regular moderate exercise, such as walking or cycling for 30 minutes most days, can help reduce liver fat and improve overall health.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Having concerns about your liver can cause anxiety or stress. It's normal to feel worried, especially if you need more tests. Talk to your doctor about your feelings, and consider speaking with a counsellor or support group. Taking care of your mental health is part of taking care of your liver.
Prevention
You can reduce your risk of liver problems by avoiding excessive alcohol, getting vaccinated for hepatitis A and B, maintaining a healthy weight, and not taking unnecessary medications or risky supplements. However, some liver conditions are not fully preventable, such as autoimmune liver disease.
Vaccines
Hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines are available and recommended for people at higher risk, such as those with chronic liver disease, people who travel to areas with high hepatitis rates, and people with certain jobs.
Screening programmes
Routine screening for hepatitis B and C is not done for everyone, but it may be recommended if you have risk factors. Your doctor can advise if screening is right for you.
Complications
If left untreated
- Progression to fibrosis (scarring of the liver) or cirrhosis
- Liver failure, which can cause fluid buildup, bleeding, and confusion
- Increased risk of liver cancer
- Severe jaundice that can affect other organs
Long-term outlook
For many people, abnormal liver function tests improve once the underlying cause is addressed, especially if caught early. With lifestyle changes and proper medical care, even some advanced liver conditions can be managed well. Regular monitoring gives you the best chance of staying healthy.
Find support
International organisations
Local organisations
- Local liver clinic or gastroenterology department · UK
External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.
Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
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Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 16, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.