Living with arthritis

Overview

Arthritis is a condition that causes pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints. Joints are the places where two bones meet, like the knees, hips, and hands. There are many types of arthritis, but the most common are osteoarthritis, which happens from wear and tear, and rheumatoid arthritis, which happens when the body's immune system attacks the joints by mistake.

Yes, arthritis is very common. Millions of people around the world live with some form of arthritis.

Anyone can get arthritis, but it becomes more likely as you get older. Some types are more common in women, and arthritis can also affect children and young people.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Joint pain and tenderness
• Joint stiffness, especially after waking up or after sitting still
• Swelling in or around the joint
• Difficulty moving the joint normally
• Warmth or redness over the joint

Symptoms in children

• Persistent joint pain or swelling
• Morning stiffness that goes away after activity
• Limping or trouble using a limb
• Unexplained fever or rash along with joint symptoms

Symptoms in older adults

• Pain in the knees, hips, hands, or lower back
• Stiffness that lasts more than 30 minutes in the morning
• A grating or grinding feeling inside the joint
• Trouble with everyday tasks like opening jars, walking, or climbing stairs

Causes

Main causes

• Osteoarthritis is caused by wear and tear on the joints over time, often after years of use or an injury.
• Rheumatoid arthritis happens when the immune system attacks the lining of the joints.
• Some types of arthritis, like gout, are caused by a buildup of uric acid crystals in the joint.
• In rare cases, an infection can cause arthritis.

Risk factors

• Getting older
• Family history of arthritis
• Being overweight or obese, which puts extra stress on joints
• Previous joint injury
• Smoking, which can increase the risk of rheumatoid arthritis
• Jobs or activities that involve repetitive motions or heavy lifting

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• You have sudden, severe joint pain and swelling
• You have a fever along with joint pain
• You cannot move a joint at all

Book a routine appointment if:

• You have joint pain, stiffness, or swelling that lasts more than a few weeks
• You have morning stiffness that lasts longer than 30 minutes
• Joint symptoms make it harder to do everyday activities
• You feel tired or unwell often along with joint pain

Diagnosis

A doctor will listen to your symptoms, ask about your health history, and examine your joints. There is no single test for arthritis, so a diagnosis is based on your symptoms and the results of a few tests.

Tests that may be done

• Blood tests to look for markers of inflammation or immune activity
• X-rays to see joint damage or bone changes
• Ultrasound or MRI scans to look at soft tissues and inflammation
• A joint fluid test, where a small sample of fluid is taken from the joint

What to expect at your appointment

Your doctor may refer you to a specialist, such as a rheumatologist, who focuses on arthritis and similar conditions. Before your appointment, write down your symptoms, when they started, and what makes them better or worse. This will help your doctor understand your situation.

Treatment

Treatment for arthritis focuses on reducing pain, improving movement, and stopping the condition from getting worse. A good plan usually combines self-care, physical therapy, and medical care. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about what is best for you.

Self-care at home

• Stay active with low-impact exercises like walking, swimming, or cycling
• Use heat packs or warm baths to relax stiff joints, and cold packs to reduce swelling
• Plan and pace activities, and take breaks to avoid overdoing it
• Use tools that make tasks easier, such as jar openers, cushioned shoes, or raised seats

Medical treatments

Doctors may recommend pain relief medicines, anti-inflammatory tablets, creams, or injections. Some types of arthritis need medicines that calm the immune system. Always ask your doctor or pharmacist about your options, and never start a new medicine without their advice.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery, such as joint replacement, may be an option when other treatments no longer control the pain and the joint is badly damaged. Talk to a specialist about the risks and benefits for your situation.

Living with this condition

Living with arthritis means learning to manage your pain and energy every day. Focus on what you can do, be kind to yourself, and don't be afraid to ask for help when you need it.

Lifestyle tips

• Move your body regularly, but listen to your joints and rest when you need to
• Maintain a healthy weight to reduce pressure on weight-bearing joints
• Get enough sleep and try to manage stress with relaxation or gentle activity
• Adapt your home to make everyday tasks easier, like using a long-handled sponge or raised chair

Diet and exercise

A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats supports your overall health and helps you stay at a healthy weight. Gentle exercise, such as stretching, walking, or water aerobics, strengthens the muscles around your joints and can reduce stiffness.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Living with ongoing pain and limitations can affect your mood and mental health. It's normal to feel frustrated, worried, or low at times. Talk to your doctor, join a support group, and stay connected with friends and family. If you ever feel overwhelmed or need immediate support, please contact your local crisis helpline or emergency services.

Prevention

You can't always prevent arthritis, but you can lower your chance of some types by staying active, maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding joint injuries, and not smoking.

Vaccines

Staying up to date with recommended vaccines can help prevent infections that might trigger joint problems.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening test for arthritis, but regular check-ups can help you manage health conditions that increase your risk, such as being overweight or having a family history of arthritis.

Complications

If left untreated

• Permanent joint damage and deformity
• Long-term pain and disability
• Reduced ability to do daily activities and live independently
• In some types of arthritis, inflammation can also affect other parts of the body, such as the heart or lungs

Long-term outlook

There is no cure for most types of arthritis, but the future is hopeful. With the right care, many people manage their symptoms well and continue to live active, full lives. Work closely with your healthcare team to find the best approach for you.

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