Living with infection

Overview

An infection happens when germs like bacteria, viruses, or fungi get inside your body and multiply. It can cause symptoms like fever, cough, or tiredness. Most infections are mild and get better with rest and care at home, but some need medical treatment.

Infections are very common. Most people have several infections every year, especially colds and flu.

Infections can affect anyone. Children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems may get sick more often or have more serious symptoms.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Fever or chills
• Cough or sore throat
• Feeling very tired
• Body aches or headache
• Runny or blocked nose
• Feeling sick or having diarrhoea

Symptoms in children

• Being fussier than usual
• Feeding less or not wanting to eat
• Hot to touch or a fever
• Cough or cold symptoms
• Diarrhoea or vomiting

Symptoms in older adults

• Confusion or feeling more sleepy than usual
• Falling or feeling weak
• Not hungry or drinking less
• A cough that gets worse
• High temperature or low temperature

Causes

Main causes

• Viruses, such as those that cause colds and flu
• Bacteria, such as those that cause strep throat or a urinary infection
• Fungi, which can cause infections like thrush
• Parasites, which are less common but can cause infections from contaminated food or water

Risk factors

• A weakened immune system, for example from a long-term illness or certain medicines
• Very young or older age
• Living or working in crowded places
• Not having clean water or good sanitation
• Not being up to date with recommended vaccinations

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• You have trouble breathing or feel that something is very wrong
• Your fever is very high or lasts more than three days
• You are confused, very sleepy, or hard to wake
• You can't keep any fluids down
• You have a very bad headache with a stiff neck
• Your symptoms get worse instead of better

Book a routine appointment if:

• Your symptoms last longer than a week
• You keep getting infections often
• You have a long-term condition like diabetes or asthma
• You are pregnant
• You are caring for a baby under 3 months with a fever

Diagnosis

A doctor or nurse will ask about your symptoms and examine you. They may listen to your chest, check your temperature, and ask about your medical history.

Tests that may be done

• A throat or nose swab to check for specific viruses or bacteria
• Urine or stool tests
• A blood test to look for signs of infection in your body

What to expect at your appointment

Most infections do not need tests. When tests are needed, they are usually quick and the results help the doctor decide the safest treatment, including whether antibiotics are needed.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the cause. Viral infections usually get better with rest and time. Bacterial infections may need medication prescribed by a doctor. Your care will focus on relieving symptoms and helping your body recover.

Self-care at home

• Get plenty of rest and sleep
• Drink fluids often, such as water or warm soups
• Use a cool flannel or a fan to feel more comfortable with a fever
• Eat small, plain foods if you feel hungry
• Wash your hands often and avoid close contact with others to stop the spread

Medical treatments

A doctor may suggest over-the-counter medicines to reduce fever and aches. For bacterial infections, they may prescribe antibiotics. Always take any prescribed medicine exactly as directed and finish the full course, even if you feel better. Do not share medicines with others.

When is surgery considered?

For most infections, surgery is not needed. In rare cases, an infection may cause an abscess (a pocket of pus) that needs to be drained by a healthcare professional.

Living with this condition

While you recover, take it easy and let your body heal. Keep your distance from others to avoid passing the infection along. Drink enough fluids and try to eat regular, simple meals. It can take a few days to feel yourself again.

Lifestyle tips

• Keep your home aired and clean surfaces touched often
• Use a tissue or your elbow if you cough or sneeze
• Wash your hands regularly, especially after using the toilet and before eating
• Do not smoke and avoid smoky environments

Diet and exercise

Eating a balanced diet with fruit, vegetables, and whole grains supports your immune system. While you are ill, gentle movement like short walks can help, but rest is more important. Gradually return to exercise as you feel better.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Feeling unwell can affect your mood. You may feel tired, frustrated, or anxious. This is normal. Talk to family or friends about how you are feeling, and be kind to yourself while you recover. If low mood lasts after you get better, speak to your healthcare provider.

Prevention

Many infections can be prevented with good hygiene, vaccinations, and avoiding close contact with unwell people. Some infections are harder to prevent, but healthy habits lower your risk.

Vaccines

Vaccines are safe and effective for many infections, such as flu, COVID-19, and pneumonia. Ask your doctor or local health service which vaccinations are recommended for you and your family.

Screening programmes

Screening is not usually needed for common infections. But if you were exposed to a specific infection or if you are at higher risk, your healthcare provider may suggest tests.

Complications

If left untreated

• Dehydration, especially in children and older adults
• An infection spreading to other parts of the body
• Sepsis, a serious illness where the body damages its own tissues in response to infection
• Long-term tiredness or post-infection symptoms

Long-term outlook

Most people recover fully from infections with rest and time. Even when an infection is serious, early medical care greatly improves the chances of a full recovery. Your body has strong natural defences, and modern medicine can support you when you need it.

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