Long COVID living in older adults

Overview

Long COVID is when symptoms of COVID-19 last for weeks or months after the infection is gone. It can affect many parts of the body.

Long COVID is common. Studies suggest that around 10 to 30% of people who have had COVID-19 develop Long COVID symptoms. It is seen more often in people who had a severe infection, but even mild cases can lead to Long COVID.

It affects people of all ages, but older adults may be at higher risk due to age, other health conditions, and a weaker immune system.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Extreme tiredness (fatigue)
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain or tightness
• Problems with memory and concentration ('brain fog')
• Difficulty sleeping
• Joint or muscle pain
• Cough
• Loss of smell or taste
• Headaches

Symptoms in children

• In children, symptoms can be similar but might include more tummy problems, headaches, and mood changes. Long COVID is less common in children than in adults.

Symptoms in older adults

• Fatigue that lasts for months and makes daily activities hard
• Severe shortness of breath after mild activity
• Confusion or worsening memory problems
• Increased frailty and weakness
• Depression or anxiety
• Worsening of existing health conditions like heart disease, diabetes, or lung problems

Causes

Main causes

• The exact cause is not fully known. It is thought to be related to the body's immune response to the virus, ongoing inflammation, or damage caused by the infection.

Risk factors

• Being older (over 65 years)
• Having a severe case of COVID-19 that required hospital care
• Having pre-existing health conditions like diabetes, heart disease, or lung disease
• Being female (though older adults of all genders can be affected)
• Not being vaccinated against COVID-19

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have new or worsening trouble breathing
• If you have chest pain or pressure that does not go away
• If you feel confused or your thinking is getting worse
• If you have a fever that is not improving

Book a routine appointment if:

• If your symptoms are lasting more than 4 weeks after COVID-19
• If your symptoms are affecting your ability to do daily activities
• If you are feeling very tired, have brain fog, or other ongoing symptoms

Diagnosis

There is no single test for Long COVID. Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, when they started, and how they affect your life. They will also check for other possible causes.

Tests that may be done

• Blood tests to check for inflammation, organ function, and rule out other conditions
• Chest X-ray or CT scan if you have breathing problems
• Heart tests like ECG (electrocardiogram) if you have chest pain or palpitations
• Cognitive tests if you have memory or concentration issues

What to expect at your appointment

Your doctor may refer you to a specialist clinic for long COVID. They will work with you to create a plan to help you recover. It may take time, but you will get support.

Treatment

Treatment focuses on managing your symptoms and helping you slowly regain strength and function. There is no one specific cure, but a team of healthcare professionals can support you.

Self-care at home

• Rest when you are tired, but try to stay as active as you can without overdoing it
• Break tasks into smaller, manageable parts and pace yourself
• Eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and protein
• Stay in touch with family and friends for emotional support
• Get good quality sleep by keeping a regular routine

Medical treatments

Doctors may recommend therapies such as physiotherapy for muscle weakness, occupational therapy for daily tasks, cognitive rehabilitation for brain fog, and psychological support for anxiety or depression. Some people may benefit from breathing exercises or medications to manage specific symptoms like pain or inflammation. Always talk to your doctor before starting any new medicine.

Living with this condition

Living with Long COVID can be challenging. You may need to adjust your daily routine. Listen to your body and rest when needed. It is important to pace yourself – do a little activity, then rest. Over time you may be able to slowly increase your activity.

Lifestyle tips

• Stay connected with others, even if just by phone or video
• If you have memory problems, use lists, calendars, and reminders
• Consider joining a support group for people with Long COVID
• Ask for help from family, friends, or community services

Diet and exercise

Eat a healthy diet rich in nutrients. Gentle exercise like walking or stretching may help, but do not push yourself too hard. Start with short sessions and build up slowly. Always check with your healthcare provider before starting any exercise program.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Long COVID can affect your mood and mental health. You may feel anxious, depressed, or frustrated. This is very common and nothing to be ashamed of. Talk to your doctor about ways to cope. If you ever feel like hurting yourself, call your local emergency number or a crisis helpline right away.

Prevention

The best way to prevent Long COVID is to avoid getting COVID-19 in the first place. Vaccination reduces your risk of severe infection and may also lower your chance of Long COVID.

Vaccines

Getting vaccinated against COVID-19 is recommended for older adults. It is safe and effective. Booster doses may be advised by your health authority. Check with your doctor or local health service.

Screening programmes

There is no screening test for Long COVID. However, if you have had COVID-19 and develop ongoing symptoms, see your doctor.

Complications

If left untreated

• Long COVID can lead to long-term fatigue that makes daily activities very hard
• It can worsen other health conditions like heart disease, diabetes, or lung problems
• It may cause damage to the heart, lungs, or brain in some cases
• It can lead to mental health problems like depression or anxiety

Long-term outlook

Most people with Long COVID improve over time, although it can take weeks or months. With the right support and self-care, many older adults regain their strength and quality of life. It is important to be patient with yourself and work closely with your healthcare team.

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