Low testosterone symptoms men

Overview

Testosterone is a hormone that helps build muscle, bone strength, sex drive, and mood. Low testosterone (also called hypogonadism) means your body is not making enough of this hormone.

Yes, it’s fairly common. Studies suggest about 1 in 4 men over 40 may have low levels, though many do not experience symptoms.

It mainly affects adult men, especially as they get older. Younger men with certain medical conditions—like obesity, diabetes, or testicular injuries—can also be affected.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Low sex drive (libido)
• Erectile dysfunction (trouble getting or keeping an erection)
• Fatigue and low energy
• Loss of muscle mass and strength
• Increased body fat
• Mood changes (irritability, sadness, depression)
• Poor concentration or forgetfulness
• Loss of body or facial hair
• Hot flushes or sweats

Symptoms in children

• Delayed or incomplete puberty (voice doesn’t deepen, growth of body hair slows)
• Lack of muscle growth
• Poor development of the penis or testicles

Symptoms in older adults

• Same symptoms as common, plus increased risk of bone thinning (osteoporosis)
• Fragility fractures
• Reduced vitality and strength

Causes

Main causes

• Aging (testosterone naturally declines after age 30–40)
• Injury or infection of the testicles
• Problems with the pituitary gland (a small gland at the base of the brain that controls testosterone production)
• Certain medications (for example, long-term use of opioid painkillers or steroids)
• Chronic health conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, kidney or liver disease
• Genetic conditions, like Klinefelter syndrome (an extra X chromosome)

Risk factors

• Being overweight or obese
• Having type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome
• Chronic stress and lack of sleep
• Excessive alcohol use
• Untreated sleep apnea (pauses in breathing during sleep)

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have thoughts of suicide or self-harm – call your local emergency number.
• If you have sudden, sharp pain in your testicles or scrotum.

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have ongoing low sex drive, fatigue, depression, loss of muscle, or erectile problems for more than a few weeks, make an appointment with your doctor.

Diagnosis

Your doctor will take a full medical history and ask about your symptoms. They will order a blood test to measure your testosterone level, usually done between 8 and 10 am when levels are highest.

Tests that may be done

• Total testosterone blood test
• Free testosterone blood test (sometimes)
• Other hormone tests (LH, FSH, prolactin) if the cause is unclear
• Blood count, iron level, or thyroid tests to rule out other causes

What to expect at your appointment

The blood test is simple and quick. Your doctor may need to repeat the test on a different day to confirm the result. They will also check for any underlying health conditions that could be causing low testosterone.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the cause and your symptoms. If you have symptoms and low levels on a blood test, your doctor may recommend lifestyle changes or hormone therapy. The goal is to improve your quality of life.

Self-care at home

• Lose weight if you are overweight – even a small amount helps.
• Exercise regularly, especially strength training (lifting weights) and cardio.
• Get 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night.
• Reduce stress with relaxation techniques or talking to someone.
• Limit alcohol to one or two drinks per day or less.

Medical treatments

Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is available in several forms: gels or creams applied to the skin, patches, injections, or long-acting pellets placed under the skin. Your doctor will monitor your blood levels and adjust the dose to keep you safe. Other treatments may include medications for erectile dysfunction or treating underlying conditions like diabetes.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is rarely needed for low testosterone itself. In rare cases, if a tumor on the pituitary gland or testicles is causing the problem, surgery may be recommended.

Living with this condition

Living with low testosterone can be frustrating, but small daily habits can make a big difference. Focus on eating well, staying active, and keeping a regular sleep schedule. Talk openly with your partner and doctor about how you’re feeling.

Lifestyle tips

• Exercise at least 30 minutes most days, including strength and aerobic activities.
• Eat a balanced diet with plenty of vegetables, lean protein, and healthy fats.
• Get consistent, quality sleep.
• Manage stress with deep breathing, meditation, or hobbies you enjoy.
• Avoid or limit alcohol.

Diet and exercise

A diet rich in zinc (found in nuts, beans, and seafood) and vitamin D (from sunlight or fortified foods) may help. Protein is important for muscle. Weight training, like lifting dumbbells or using resistance bands, can boost testosterone levels naturally.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Low testosterone can cause depression, anxiety, and irritability. You may feel less motivated or confident. It is important to address these feelings. Talk therapy (counselling) can be very helpful. If you have thoughts of harming yourself, call your local emergency number right away.

Prevention

You cannot always prevent low testosterone, but a healthy lifestyle reduces your risk. Staying at a healthy weight, exercising, eating well, and managing stress can help maintain normal levels.

Vaccines

There is no vaccine for low testosterone.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening test for low testosterone. However, if you have risk factors like obesity or diabetes, your doctor may check your levels as part of your regular care.

Complications

If left untreated

• Loss of bone density, leading to osteoporosis and fractures
• Increased body fat and decreased muscle mass
• Worsening depression and mood disorders
• Infertility (difficulty fathering a child)
• Reduced quality of life and energy

Long-term outlook

With proper treatment, most men see improvement in their symptoms within weeks to months. The condition is manageable, and many men return to a normal, active life. Your doctor will help you choose the best approach for your situation.

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