Lymphoma survivorship overview patient overview

Overview

Lymphoma is a cancer that starts in the lymphatic system, a network of vessels and glands that helps fight infection. Survivorship means life after and during treatment, focusing on recovery, monitoring for health problems, and supporting your overall well-being.

Lymphoma is not rare. It is one of the more common cancers, with thousands of new cases each year. Thanks to better treatments, survival rates have improved greatly.

Lymphoma can affect people of all ages, including children and older adults. Some types are more common in young adults and older people.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Swollen glands (lymph nodes) in the neck, armpit, or groin that usually don't hurt
• Unexplained fever, especially at night
• Heavy night sweats that soak clothing and bedding
• Unexplained weight loss
• Constant tiredness (fatigue)
• Itchy skin or a rash

Symptoms in children

• Swollen lymph nodes that don't go away
• Fever without a clear cause
• Tiredness and paleness
• Bone pain or limping

Symptoms in older adults

• Swelling in the lymph nodes
• Fatigue that affects daily activities
• Repeated infections
• Loss of appetite and weight loss

Causes

Main causes

• The exact cause is often unknown, but lymphoma begins when white blood cells called lymphocytes grow out of control.
• Changes (mutations) in the DNA of lymphocytes cause them to multiply abnormally.
• No single cause has been identified for most lymphomas.

Risk factors

• A weakened immune system (for example, from an organ transplant or HIV)
• Certain infections, such as Epstein-Barr virus or Helicobacter pylori
• Age – some types are more common in older adults
• Family history of lymphoma (in some cases)

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• A new or growing lump that doesn't go away after a few weeks
• Unexplained fever, night sweats, or weight loss
• Cough, chest pain, or shortness of breath that is new or getting worse

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have completed lymphoma treatment and have questions or ongoing symptoms
• If you experience side effects from treatment that affect your daily life
• For regular follow-up appointments as scheduled by your specialist

Diagnosis

Lymphoma is diagnosed by taking a small sample of an affected lymph node or tissue (a biopsy) and examining it under a microscope. More tests help determine the type and stage of the lymphoma.

Tests that may be done

• Physical examination and medical history
• Blood tests
• Biopsy of a lymph node or other affected tissue
• Imaging scans such as CT, PET, or MRI
• Bone marrow biopsy (if needed)

What to expect at your appointment

You will see a specialist (usually a haematologist or oncologist). The tests are usually done as an outpatient, meaning you do not stay overnight. Results may take around a week, and your care team will explain them to you.

Treatment

Treatment for lymphoma depends on the type, stage, and your overall health. The main goal is to destroy the cancer cells and achieve remission (no signs of cancer). After treatment, survival care focuses on recovery and monitoring for any long-term effects.

Self-care at home

• Follow your care plan and keep all follow-up appointments
• Get enough rest and listen to your body
• Stay active at a level that feels comfortable
• Eat a balanced diet and stay hydrated
• Avoid infections by washing hands and keeping vaccinations up to date (ask your doctor)

Medical treatments

Treatments may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or a stem cell transplant. Your oncologist will discuss the most suitable options for your situation. Some people may not need treatment right away; others will have a combination of treatments. Treatment plans are personalised to your specific type of lymphoma and your health.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is rarely used as the main treatment for lymphoma. It is mainly used to obtain a biopsy for diagnosis, or occasionally to remove a single lymph node if needed.

Living with this condition

Life after lymphoma treatment involves adjusting to a 'new normal'. You may feel tired, worried, or uncertain. It is important to pace yourself and gradually rebuild your strength and routines.

Lifestyle tips

• Build a gentle exercise routine, such as short walks, as recommended by your care team
• Protect your skin from the sun, especially if you had radiation therapy
• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol
• Get support for any emotional or mental health concerns
• Keep an eye on your health and report new symptoms early

Diet and exercise

Eat a variety of foods to get the nutrients you need. Some people find it easier to eat small, frequent meals. Exercise, even light activity like walking or yoga, can help reduce fatigue and improve mood. Talk to your healthcare team before starting a new exercise programme.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Many survivors experience anxiety, depression, or fear of the cancer coming back. These feelings are normal. If they affect your daily life, talk to your doctor. Support groups, counselling, and relaxation techniques can help. If you are in crisis, please contact a crisis helpline or your local emergency services immediately.

Prevention

For most lymphomas, there is no known way to prevent it. The best approach is to reduce risk factors you can control and stay aware of your body's changes.

Vaccines

Vaccines cannot prevent lymphoma. However, keeping up to date with recommended vaccines (such as flu, COVID-19, and pneumococcal) can help protect you from infections, especially if your immune system is weakened. Ask your local health service about which vaccines are right for you.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening test for lymphoma for the general public. For survivors, regular follow-up appointments serve as a form of monitoring, and any concerning symptoms should be reported early.

Complications

If left untreated

• If left untreated or if treatment fails, lymphoma can spread to other parts of the body and become harder to treat.
• It can cause serious infections, breathing problems, or organ failure.

Long-term outlook

Many people with lymphoma are successfully treated and go on to live full, active lives. Survivorship care is designed to support your health in the long term and catch any problems early. It is normal to have ups and downs, but there is real hope, and many people do very well.

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