Mesothelioma

Overview

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that grows in the thin layer of tissue that covers many internal organs. This layer is called the mesothelium. Most often it affects the lining of the lungs, but it can also start in the abdomen, around the heart, or around the testicles. It is usually linked to exposure to asbestos, a natural mineral once used in building materials.

No, mesothelioma is not common. It is a rare cancer. In the UK, around 2,700 people are diagnosed every year. Worldwide, it is much less common than other types of cancer such as lung or breast cancer.

Mesothelioma mainly affects older adults, usually people over the age of 75, and is more common in men. It most often occurs in people who worked in jobs where they breathed in asbestos fibers, such as construction, plumbing, shipbuilding, or manufacturing. People who lived with a worker who brought asbestos dust home on their clothes are also at risk. Mesothelioma is extremely rare in children and younger adults.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Shortness of breath, which may get worse over time
• Chest pain that feels like a pressure or ache
• A persistent cough
• Feeling very tired (fatigue)
• Unexplained weight loss
• Sweating at night or a low fever
• Difficulty swallowing or a hoarse voice
• If the cancer is in the abdomen: swelling, pain, or a feeling of fullness in the belly

Causes

Main causes

• Exposure to asbestos fibers, usually by breathing them in at work or in a contaminated environment
• Asbestos fibers can also be swallowed, which may cause mesothelioma in the abdomen (peritoneal mesothelioma)
• In some rare cases, there may be a family risk or genetic tendency, but asbestos remains the main cause

Risk factors

• Working in jobs where asbestos is or was used, like construction, shipbuilding, insulation, or car repair
• Living with someone who worked with asbestos and brought dust home on their clothes or tools
• Working in a building that contains old asbestos materials that are damaged or disturbed
• Being exposed to a natural mineral called erionite, which is similar to asbestos
• Smoking, which does not cause mesothelioma itself but greatly increases the risk in people who have been exposed to asbestos

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have sudden or severe chest pain or difficulty breathing, seek medical help the same day.
• If you cough up blood, even a small amount, contact a doctor urgently.

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have a persistent cough that lasts more than 3 weeks, or feel unusually short of breath when doing normal activities, make an appointment with your doctor.
• If you have unexplained weight loss, constant tiredness, or night sweats, talk to your doctor.
• If you know you were exposed to asbestos in the past and you are worried about symptoms, it is reasonable to mention it during a regular check-up.

Diagnosis

To diagnose mesothelioma, your doctor will start by asking about your symptoms and your history of exposure to asbestos. They will listen to your chest and body and may order some tests. Because mesothelioma is rare and can be difficult to see, the diagnosis often involves a specialist team at a hospital.

Tests that may be done

• Chest X-ray to look for fluid around the lungs or thickening of the lining
• CT scan, which gives more detailed images of the chest or abdomen
• A biopsy, where a doctor removes a small sample of tissue to be examined under a microscope – this is the only way to confirm mesothelioma
• Blood tests to help rule out other conditions
• Lung function tests to measure how well your lungs are working

What to expect at your appointment

If your doctor thinks you may have mesothelioma, they will refer you to a specialist, usually at a cancer centre. You may have several tests over a few weeks. A biopsy is usually needed to be sure. Waiting for results can be stressful, but your care team will explain everything and support you. If the diagnosis is confirmed, a team of specialists will meet to plan the best treatment for you.

Treatment

Treatment for mesothelioma depends on where the cancer is, how far it has spread, and your overall health. You will have a team of specialists, including surgeons, cancer doctors, and nurses. The main goals are to control the cancer, relieve symptoms, and keep you as comfortable as possible.

Self-care at home

• If you smoke, ask your care team about support to stop – smoking can make lung problems worse.
• Keep moving gently if you are able, as this can help maintain strength and ease stiffness.
• Rest when you need to and plan your activities so you do not overdo things.
• Speak openly about your symptoms, especially pain or breathlessness, so your team can help you with ways to manage them.
• Make a list of questions for your appointments and take a friend or family member with you for support.

Medical treatments

Treatment approaches may include surgery to remove as much of the cancer as possible, chemotherapy (medicines that kill cancer cells), radiotherapy (high-energy rays that shrink tumors), and newer targeted treatments that focus on specific changes in cancer cells. Some treatments help control symptoms, such as draining fluid that builds up around the lungs. Your specialist team will explain which options may be suitable for you and what each one involves.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery may be an option for some people, especially if the mesothelioma is caught early and has not spread too far. There are different types of surgery, from taking out a small part of the lining to removing one whole lung. The decision to operate depends on many factors, and your surgeon will discuss the benefits and risks with you.

Living with this condition

Living with mesothelioma can be physically and emotionally demanding. You may have good days and bad days. Your care team can help with symptoms like pain and breathlessness, and you may need extra help at home. Try to set a simple daily routine that includes rest and some activity. Keep open communication with your family and doctors.

Lifestyle tips

• Eat small, frequent meals if you feel full quickly or have lost your appetite.
• Try gentle exercise like walking or stretching, and check with your care team before starting something new.
• Use relaxation methods such as deep breathing or listening to calm music to reduce stress.
• Join a support group to talk with others who understand what you are going through.
• Let friends and family help with practical tasks like cleaning or shopping.

Diet and exercise

Aim for a well-balanced diet with plenty of fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein. If eating is difficult, talk to a dietitian who can suggest easy-to-eat foods or nutritional drinks. For exercise, gentle activities like short walks or light stretching can help keep your muscles working and lift your mood, but always follow the advice of your health team.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

A diagnosis of mesothelioma can bring up a range of emotions, including shock, anger, sadness, and anxiety. These feelings are completely normal. It can also be hard for family and caregivers. Talk honestly with your doctor or nurse about how you are feeling – they can offer support, counseling, or medication if needed. Remember, you do not have to face this alone.

Prevention

You cannot always prevent mesothelioma, but the best way to reduce the risk is to avoid breathing in asbestos fibers. If you work in a job where asbestos is present, always use the correct protective equipment and follow safety rules. If your home or workplace was built before the year 2000, it may contain asbestos – do not disturb it, and ask a licensed professional for advice before any renovation.

Complications

If left untreated

• The cancer can spread to surrounding tissues and other parts of the body.
• Fluid can build up in the chest or abdomen, causing pressure and severe breathlessness.
• Breathing may become increasingly difficult, which can lead to serious infections like pneumonia.
• The tumor may press on nerves, causing pain or numbness.

Long-term outlook

Mesothelioma is a serious illness, but there is always hope. Treatments have become more effective at controlling symptoms and improving quality of life. Some people live for many years after a diagnosis, especially when the cancer is found early. Researchers are constantly looking for new treatments. Your medical team will work with you to create the best plan for your situation, and you can take an active part in decisions about your care.

Find support

External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.