migraine in children

Overview

A migraine is a type of headache that causes intense throbbing pain, often on one side of the head. It can also make you feel sick and sensitive to light or sound. In children, migraines can look different from adult migraines.

Yes, about 1 in 10 children have migraines. Before puberty, boys and girls are affected equally. After puberty, migraines are more common in girls.

Migraines can start at any age, even in toddlers. They affect children and teenagers, and many adults with migraine had their first attack before age 18.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Throbbing pain on one side of the head
• Feeling sick (nausea) or vomiting
• Sensitivity to light, sound, or smell

Symptoms in children

• Both sides of the head may hurt, rather than one side
• Headache may not always be the main symptom – sometimes tummy pain, dizziness, or repeated vomiting
• Children may look pale, appear tired, or want to lie down in a dark room
• Some children have 'abdominal migraine' – sudden attacks of stomach pain with no head pain

Symptoms in older adults

• Migraine usually begins in younger years, so new headaches in older adults are less likely to be migraine
• An older adult may have similar head pain, but it is important to see a doctor to rule out other causes
• Migraine symptoms may be less typical, such as dizziness or confusion

Causes

Main causes

• The exact cause is not fully understood, but migraine involves changes in brain activity and nerve signals
• Certain genes can make a child more likely to have migraines
• A trigger, like lack of sleep or stress, can start an attack in a child who is already prone to migraines

Risk factors

• Family history of migraine
• Stress or anxiety
• Irregular sleep or missed meals
• Dehydration
• Certain foods (in some children), such as chocolate, cheese, or food additives
• Hormonal changes, especially during periods
• Screen time or intense physical activity

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• Headache with any emergency warning signs (see emergency section)
• Your child has headaches more than once a week
• Headaches are interfering with school, sleep, or daily activities
• Headache is stopping your child from eating or drinking

Book a routine appointment if:

• Your child has migraine-like symptoms and you want a proper diagnosis
• Over-the-counter pain relief (used with your doctor's advice) is not helping
• You want to discuss a headache diary or preventive plan

Diagnosis

Doctors usually diagnose migraine from your child's history and description of symptoms. There is no single test for migraine.

Tests that may be done

• Your child may not need any tests.
• If the doctor suspects another problem, they may order a blood test, a CT scan (a special X-ray), or an MRI (a scan that creates detailed brain images).

What to expect at your appointment

The doctor will ask about your child's headaches, sleep, diet, and family history. You may be asked to keep a headache diary to track triggers, frequency, and symptoms.

Treatment

Treatment for migraine in children focuses on easing a current attack and preventing future attacks. It often combines home habits, support from your doctor, and in some cases, a team of specialists.

Self-care at home

• Lie down in a quiet, dark room
• Place a cool or warm cloth on the forehead
• Drink small sips of water
• Encourage rest and sleep
• Keep a regular schedule for meals and sleep to reduce triggers

Medical treatments

For a sudden migraine attack, doctors may recommend simple pain relievers, but they should be used carefully and only as directed. For frequent migraines, a doctor may suggest a migraine-specific medicine or preventive treatment. Never give your child any medicine without discussing the right type and dose with your doctor or pharmacist.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not used to treat migraine in children. If your child's headaches are very hard to control, a specialist team will explore other treatment options.

Living with this condition

Help your child feel in control. A calm routine, good sleep, and healthy eating can make a difference. Recognize early warning signs of an attack – like yawning, food cravings, or mood changes – and act early.

Lifestyle tips

• Set a regular bedtime and wake time, even on weekends
• Encourage daily activity, but avoid overexertion
• Limit screen time and take breaks
• Eat regular meals and drink plenty of water
• Practice relaxation techniques together, like deep breathing

Diet and exercise

Regular exercise can reduce stress and improve sleep, but some children find intense exercise can trigger an attack. Keep a healthy, balanced diet and avoid skipping meals. If you suspect a food trigger, talk to your doctor before removing foods.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Migraine can cause frustration, anxiety, or low mood in children. It can interrupt school and friendships. It's important to talk with your child about how they feel and seek support if you notice ongoing worry or sadness. If your child is feeling very low or in crisis, contact a mental health support service or your local emergency number immediately.

Prevention

Migraines cannot always be prevented, but many attacks can be reduced by avoiding known triggers, keeping a routine, and working with your doctor. A headache diary is your best tool for spotting patterns.

Vaccines

There is no vaccine to prevent migraine.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening test for migraine. Your doctor will only suggest tests if your child's symptoms point to another condition.

Complications

If left untreated

• Frequent migraines can lead to missed school and problems with learning
• Chronic migraine can cause stress and anxiety
• Overuse of headache medicines can cause rebound headaches

Long-term outlook

Most children grow out of migraine attacks as they get older. With the right plan, your child can live a full, active life. Many people learn to manage their migraines successfully.

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