Multiple sclerosis living in teenagers

Overview

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition that affects the brain and spinal cord. In MS, the body's immune system attacks the protective covering of nerves, called myelin (like the insulation around a wire). This damage can slow or block messages between the brain and the rest of the body, causing a range of symptoms.

MS is not common in teenagers, but it does happen. About 5% of people with MS have their first symptoms before age 18.

Teenagers and young adults can develop MS. It affects females about two to three times more often than males. For teens, being diagnosed during a time of growth, school, and social changes can be especially challenging.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• fatigue – feeling very tired even after resting
• numbness or tingling in the face, arms, or legs
• weakness in one or more limbs
• vision problems, such as double vision or blurred vision
• dizziness or feeling off-balance
• trouble with coordination and walking

Symptoms in children

• similar to common symptoms, but teens may also have trouble concentrating or remembering things
• mood changes, such as irritability or sadness
• more frequent relapses early on compared to adults

Symptoms in older adults

• symptoms may progress more gradually
• more likely to have steady worsening of disability over time (progressive MS)
• balance and walking problems often become more prominent

Causes

Main causes

• The exact cause of MS is unknown. It is thought to be an autoimmune condition – meaning the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own myelin.
• A combination of genetic and environmental factors likely plays a role.

Risk factors

• family history of MS (a close relative with MS increases risk slightly)
• certain viral infections, especially Epstein-Barr virus (the virus that causes mono)
• low vitamin D levels
• smoking (or exposure to secondhand smoke)
• being female (more common in women and girls)

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• any of the emergency symptoms listed above – call your local emergency number right away
• if a teenager has sudden, severe neurological symptoms, do not wait

Book a routine appointment if:

• if your teen has symptoms like persistent fatigue, numbness, vision changes, or balance problems that are not sudden but last more than a day
• if there is a new symptom that worries you or your teen

Diagnosis

There is no single test for MS. Doctors diagnose it by putting together information from your medical history, a neurological exam (checking vision, strength, reflexes, balance), and several tests. The process may take a few weeks or months as doctors rule out other conditions that can cause similar symptoms.

Tests that may be done

• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) of the brain and spine – this creates detailed pictures to look for areas of damage (lesions)
• lumbar puncture (spinal tap) – a small sample of spinal fluid is taken to check for signs of immune activity
• evoked potentials – tests that measure how fast your nerves send signals
• blood tests – to rule out other conditions

What to expect at your appointment

A neurologist (a doctor who specializes in the nervous system) will guide the diagnosis. Tests are usually done as an outpatient. The process can feel confusing, but the healthcare team will explain each step. Teens should bring a parent or trusted adult to appointments.

Treatment

Treatment for MS focuses on managing symptoms, reducing relapses, and slowing the progression of the disease. There is no cure, but many treatments can help people live well. Treatment plans are personalized – what works for one person may not work for another.

Self-care at home

• get plenty of rest and pace your activities to manage fatigue
• avoid overheating – heat can make symptoms worse, so stay cool with fans, air conditioning, or cool drinks
• stay active with safe, low-impact exercise like walking, swimming, or yoga
• eat a balanced diet with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats
• manage stress through hobbies, relaxation, or talking to someone you trust
• do not smoke and avoid secondhand smoke

Medical treatments

Doctors may recommend disease-modifying therapies – these are medications that can reduce relapse rates and slow down nerve damage. They come as injections, pills, or infusions. Other medicines can help with specific symptoms like fatigue, pain, bladder problems, or mood changes. Physical therapy and occupational therapy can help improve strength, balance, and daily skills.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not part of standard MS treatment. In rare cases, surgery may be used to manage complications, such as placing a pump to deliver medication for severe muscle stiffness (spasticity), but this is not common in teenagers.

Living with this condition

Living with MS as a teenager means balancing school, friends, and health. It helps to create a flexible routine: plan breaks, talk to teachers about any needs (like extra time for tests or a place to rest), and stay in touch with friends. MS can be unpredictable – some days are better than others. Be kind to yourself and ask for help when you need it.

Lifestyle tips

• keep a regular sleep schedule to fight fatigue
• avoid extreme heat – take cool showers, stay in the shade
• find stress-reducing activities you enjoy, like music, art, or sports that are safe for you
• stay involved with hobbies and social events, but don't overdo it

Diet and exercise

A healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and foods with omega-3s (like fish) may help overall health. Regular, gentle exercise such as walking, swimming, or Pilates can improve strength, balance, and mood. Always check with your doctor before starting a new exercise program.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Living with a chronic condition like MS can bring feelings of frustration, sadness, worry, or anger. These feelings are normal. It is important to talk to someone you trust – a parent, friend, school counsellor, or therapist. If you ever feel overwhelmed or have thoughts of harming yourself, please call your local emergency number or crisis line immediately. You matter, and help is available.

Prevention

There is no known way to prevent MS. However, some lifestyle choices may lower the risk or delay its start: getting enough vitamin D (from sunlight or supplements after checking with a doctor), not smoking, and maintaining a healthy weight.

Vaccines

Vaccines are generally safe for people with MS. In fact, staying up to date on recommended vaccines (like flu and HPV) is important for overall health. There are a few exceptions, such as live vaccines for certain people on certain treatments. Always ask your doctor before getting any vaccine.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening test for MS. It is diagnosed only when symptoms appear and tests confirm it.

Complications

If left untreated

• more frequent relapses and less recovery between them
• greater buildup of disability over time, affecting walking, vision, and thinking
• increased risk of depression and anxiety

Long-term outlook

The outlook for teenagers with MS is much better than it was decades ago. With modern treatments and good self-care, most teens can finish school, have relationships, and pursue careers. MS affects everyone differently – some people have very mild symptoms for many years. Research continues to bring new and better treatments. Living with MS takes strength, but with the right support, you can still build a full and hopeful future.

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