Mycoplasma pneumonia

Overview

Mycoplasma pneumonia is a lung infection caused by a tiny bacterium called Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It is often called 'walking pneumonia' because symptoms are usually milder than typical pneumonia, and many people can still get around while sick.

Yes, it is a common cause of pneumonia, especially in crowded settings like schools, colleges, and military barracks.

It most often affects children aged 5 to 15 and young adults, but older adults and people with weakened immune systems can also get it.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Dry cough that can last for weeks
• Fever and chills
• Sore throat
• Headache
• Fatigue (feeling very tired)
• Mild chest discomfort

Symptoms in children

• Along with the common symptoms, children may also have wheezing or trouble breathing
• Ear pain (ear infection)
• Skin rash
• Stomach upset or diarrhea

Symptoms in older adults

• Symptoms can be more severe, such as high fever and cough with mucus
• Confusion or sudden changes in mental state
• Shortness of breath or rapid breathing

Causes

Main causes

• Infection with the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae
• Spreading through tiny droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes

Risk factors

• Living or working in crowded places like schools, dorms, or care homes
• Smoking or being around secondhand smoke
• Having a weakened immune system (due to illness or certain medications)
• Being a child or young adult (ages 5–20)

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have emergency symptoms like trouble breathing, chest pain, or confusion, call your local emergency number right away.
• If you have a very high fever or cough up blood, see a doctor the same day.

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have a cough that lasts more than a week along with fever or fatigue, make an appointment with your doctor.
• If you have mild symptoms but are not getting better after a few days, it is a good idea to check in with a healthcare provider.

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and listen to your lungs with a stethoscope. If they suspect mycoplasma pneumonia, they may order some tests to confirm it.

Tests that may be done

• Chest X-ray: a picture of your lungs to look for signs of pneumonia
• Blood tests: to check for infection and the type of bacteria
• Sputum test: testing mucus from your cough (if you can produce any)
• PCR test: a swab from your nose or throat to find the bacteria's genetic material (this is a very accurate test)

What to expect at your appointment

The doctor will listen to your lungs, check your temperature, and ask about your symptoms. The tests are usually quick and painless. You may get results within a day or two.

Treatment

Treatment involves helping your body fight the infection. Antibiotics are often used to speed up recovery, but not everyone needs them. Rest and home care are also very important.

Self-care at home

• Get plenty of rest and sleep
• Drink lots of fluids like water, clear broth, or herbal tea to stay hydrated
• Use over-the-counter fever reducers or pain relievers as recommended by your doctor or pharmacist (follow the label directions)
• Avoid smoking or being around smoke

Medical treatments

Doctors may prescribe antibiotics to treat the bacterial infection. It is important to take the full course of antibiotics exactly as directed, even if you start feeling better. Do not share antibiotics or stop early without talking to your doctor. If your symptoms are mild, your doctor may suggest only rest and symptom management.

When is surgery considered?

This condition does not require surgery.

Living with this condition

While you recover, take it easy. Stay home from work or school until your fever is gone and you feel better. Finish all medications as prescribed. Keep an eye on your symptoms and check back with your doctor if they worsen.

Lifestyle tips

• Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing
• Wash your hands regularly with soap and water
• Avoid close contact with others until you are no longer contagious

Diet and exercise

Eat healthy foods like fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins to support your immune system. Gentle activity, like a short walk, is okay once you have more energy—but avoid heavy exercise until you are fully recovered.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Being sick can make you feel frustrated, worried, or low. It is normal to feel this way. Talk to your doctor if your emotions are affecting your recovery. Stay connected with family and friends for support.

Prevention

You can reduce your risk by washing your hands often, covering your mouth when you cough, and staying away from people who are sick. There is no specific way to prevent mycoplasma pneumonia completely, but these steps help lower your chances.

Vaccines

There is no vaccine for mycoplasma pneumonia. However, staying up to date with other recommended vaccines (like the flu shot and pneumococcal vaccine) can help prevent other types of pneumonia and keep your lungs healthy.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening for mycoplasma pneumonia. Diagnosis is only done when someone has symptoms.

Complications

If left untreated

• The infection can get worse and lead to more severe pneumonia
• Breathing problems may become serious enough to need hospital care
• In rare cases, the infection can affect other parts of the body, such as the brain or nerves

Long-term outlook

Most people with mycoplasma pneumonia recover fully, even without treatment, though it may take several weeks to feel completely back to normal. With proper rest and care, the outlook is excellent. If antibiotics are needed, they help you recover faster. Serious complications are rare.

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