Parkinson disease living in adults

Overview

Parkinson's disease is a condition that affects the brain, causing problems with movement, such as shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination. It happens when certain nerve cells in the brain stop working properly and are lost over time.

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative condition after Alzheimer's disease. It affects about 1 in 500 people, and the risk increases with age.

It mostly affects people over the age of 60, but around 1 in 20 people with Parkinson's are diagnosed before the age of 50. Men are slightly more likely to develop it than women.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Tremor (shaking) in a hand or arm, often while resting
• Slowness of movement (bradykinesia) – taking longer to do everyday tasks
• Stiffness in the muscles (rigidity) – feeling tight or achy
• Problems with balance and coordination, leading to falls
• Changes in handwriting (small, cramped writing)

Symptoms in children

• Parkinson's disease is extremely rare in children. When it does occur, it is usually due to a genetic cause and symptoms may include dystonia (involuntary muscle spasms) and slowness. Children with these symptoms should see a specialist.

Symptoms in older adults

• All the common symptoms, but older adults may also experience more falls and difficulty with balance.
• Memory problems or confusion may occur as the condition progresses.
• Depression and anxiety are common and should be treated.
• Changes in voice (soft or mumbled speech) and difficulty swallowing can develop.

Causes

Main causes

• The loss of nerve cells in a area of the brain called the substantia nigra, which produces dopamine – a chemical that helps control movement.
• The exact reason why these cells are lost is not known, but it is likely a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Risk factors

• Age – risk increases over 60
• Family history – having a close relative with Parkinson's slightly increases risk
• Sex – men are slightly more likely to develop it
• Exposure to certain toxins (e.g., some pesticides) – though the link is not firmly proven
• Previous head injury (may slightly increase risk)

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have a severe, sudden worsening of symptoms such as inability to move or extreme confusion
• If you have a high fever together with muscle stiffness
• If you experience difficulty swallowing that makes eating or drinking dangerous

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you notice a persistent tremor, especially in one hand
• If you have stiffness, slowness, or balance problems that affect your day-to-day life
• If you or others notice changes in your walking, posture, or facial expression

Diagnosis

There is no single test for Parkinson's disease. A doctor, usually a specialist called a neurologist, makes the diagnosis based on your symptoms, a physical and neurological exam, and your medical history.

Tests that may be done

• Blood tests to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms
• Brain scans such as a CT or MRI (though not always needed) to look for other causes
• In some cases, a special scan called a DaTscan may be used to help confirm the diagnosis

What to expect at your appointment

A diagnosis of Parkinson's can feel overwhelming, but it is important to know that treatments are available. Your doctor will explain the condition, discuss treatment options, and refer you to specialists such as physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and speech therapists as needed. You will have regular follow-ups to monitor your condition and adjust care.

Treatment

Treatment for Parkinson's disease aims to control symptoms, maintain quality of life, and slow the progression of the condition. It is tailored to each individual and may include a combination of medication, therapies, and lifestyle changes.

Self-care at home

• Stay as active as possible – regular exercise can improve mobility, balance, and mood.
• Eat a balanced diet with plenty of fiber to prevent constipation, a common symptom.
• Get enough sleep and manage stress – relaxation techniques like deep breathing may help.
• Join a support group to share experiences and tips with others.

Medical treatments

Medication is the mainstay of treatment for Parkinson's. Doctors may prescribe drugs that replace or mimic dopamine, or that help manage specific symptoms like tremor or stiffness. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech and language therapy are also very important. These therapies help you stay mobile, adapt your home, and communicate better.

When is surgery considered?

For some people with advanced Parkinson's who do not get enough relief from medication, a procedure called deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be considered. DBS involves implanting electrodes in specific areas of the brain to help control movement symptoms. Surgery is not for everyone and requires a careful evaluation by a specialist team.

Living with this condition

Living with Parkinson's disease means adjusting to changing needs. Plan your day around times when you feel your best – often in the morning after medication. Allow extra time for tasks and use adaptive tools like grab bars, non-slip mats, and easy-to-use utensils. It is important to keep doing the activities you enjoy, even if you need to modify them.

Lifestyle tips

• Exercise regularly – activities like walking, swimming, tai chi, or dancing can improve flexibility and balance.
• Stay socially connected – isolation can worsen mood; stay in touch with family and friends.
• Take care of your mental health – talk to your doctor if you feel depressed or anxious.
• Monitor your medications carefully – set reminders or use a pill organizer.

Diet and exercise

A balanced diet with plenty of fluids, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains helps manage constipation and maintain energy. Some people find that eating smaller, more frequent meals helps. Exercise is one of the best ways to manage symptoms – it can improve mobility, reduce stiffness, and boost mood. Always check with your doctor before starting a new exercise program.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Depression and anxiety are common in Parkinson's disease, both as a reaction to the diagnosis and due to changes in brain chemistry. It is important to talk about how you are feeling. Treatments such as counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy, and sometimes medication can help. You are not alone – many people experience these feelings, and support is available.

Prevention

Currently, there is no proven way to prevent Parkinson's disease. Research is ongoing to understand the causes and find ways to reduce risk. A healthy lifestyle may help overall brain health, but it cannot guarantee prevention.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening test for Parkinson's disease. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and clinical evaluation.

Complications

If left untreated

• Increased risk of falls and injuries due to poor balance and stiffness
• Difficulty swallowing, which can lead to malnutrition, dehydration, or pneumonia
• Severe rigidity and immobility, making daily care very challenging
• Dementia or confusion in later stages
• Depression and anxiety that may worsen without treatment

Long-term outlook

Parkinson's disease is a progressive condition, but many people live well for many years with proper treatment and support. The rate of progression varies greatly from person to person. Staying active, engaged, and connected can make a real difference. Research continues to improve treatments and bring hope for the future.

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