Parkinson symptoms follow up care

Overview

Parkinson’s disease is a brain disorder that affects the way you move. It happens when certain nerve cells in the brain do not make enough of a chemical called dopamine, which helps control movement. This can cause shaking, stiffness, and slow movement. Parkinson’s usually develops slowly, and follow-up care helps you and your care team manage your symptoms as they change over time.

Parkinson’s is one of the most common nervous system disorders. Around 1 in 500 people in the UK are living with it.

Parkinson’s most often begins after age 60, but it can affect younger adults too. It is slightly more common in men than in women.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Tremor or shaking, usually in the hand or fingers while at rest
• Stiffness in the arms, legs, or trunk
• Slowness of movement (bradykinesia)
• Balance problems and falls
• Small, cramped handwriting
• Loss of sense of smell
• Trouble sleeping and tiredness
• Constipation
• Depression and anxiety
• Soft or slurred speech

Symptoms in children

• Parkinson’s is very rare in children. If it occurs, it is often linked to a genetic cause. Symptoms can include unusual stiffness, tremor, and slow movement, and it is usually managed by a specialist team.

Symptoms in older adults

• In older adults, symptoms like a resting tremor, stiffness, and difficulty walking may be more obvious. They may also experience falls, memory changes, swallowing difficulties, and a greater need for daily support.

Causes

Main causes

• The exact cause is not known, but Parkinson’s happens when cells in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra become damaged and stop producing enough dopamine.
• Genetics: a small number of families have inherited gene changes linked to Parkinson’s.
• Environmental factors such as exposure to certain toxins or chemicals may play a role in some cases.

Risk factors

• Age – the risk increases as you get older, especially over 60.
• Family history – having a close relative with Parkinson’s slightly increases your risk.
• Sex – men are more likely to develop Parkinson’s than women.
• Exposure to pesticides or heavy metals may be associated with a higher risk, though this is not fully proven.

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have a fever with severe stiffness and can’t take your usual medication, get medical help the same day.
• If you have a sudden change in vision, balance, or speech, or you feel confused or extremely drowsy.
• If you have a fall that causes a head injury.

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have a tremor, stiffness, or slowness that doesn’t go away.
• If you notice changes in your walking, balance, or ability to do daily tasks.
• If you are experiencing low mood, anxiety, or memory problems.
• If your current symptoms are affecting your daily life and you need a new plan.

Diagnosis

There is no single test for Parkinson’s. A specialist doctor, usually a neurologist, will listen to your story, do a neurological examination, and observe how you move. They may also review your medical history and ask about lifestyle and any medicines you take.

Tests that may be done

• A detailed neurological examination that checks your movement, reflexes, balance, and muscle tone.
• Blood tests to rule out other conditions that can look like Parkinson’s.
• Sometimes a brain scan such as an MRI or a DaTscan is used to help make the diagnosis clearer.
• A trial of Parkinson’s medication to see if symptoms improve is sometimes used to support the diagnosis.

What to expect at your appointment

Getting a diagnosis can take time. You may be referred to a specialist movement disorder clinic. After a diagnosis, you will be asked to come back for regular follow-up appointments so your symptoms, medication, and quality of life can be kept in view.

Treatment

Parkinson’s cannot be cured yet, but it can be treated. The main goals are to keep you moving comfortably, manage symptoms, and help you maintain independence for as long as possible. Treatment is individualised and often involves a combination of medication, therapy, and lifestyle support.

Self-care at home

• Build a steady daily routine to make life more predictable.
• Keep a symptom diary to help your care team make better decisions.
• Do daily exercises recommended by a physiotherapist to keep your muscles flexible.
• Make sure you drink enough water and eat foods that help avoid constipation.
• Use aids like a walking stick or grab rails if they help you stay steady.
• Take your medication exactly as prescribed — do not stop or change it without talking to your doctor.

Medical treatments

Medication is the most common treatment approach. These drugs help replace dopamine or reduce some of the movement problems caused by low dopamine levels. There are several types and combinations available. Your specialist will choose what is appropriate for you based on your age, symptoms, side effects, and how long you have had Parkinson’s. Some medications are taken by mouth, and some are delivered as a patch or via a pump. Over time, your doctor may change your medication or the timing to match your changing needs. Always ask your care team if you have questions.

When is surgery considered?

For some people with advanced Parkinson’s, a procedure called deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be considered. This involves implanting a small device that sends electrical signals to specific parts of the brain. DBS is not right for everyone — a specialist team will assess you carefully before suggesting it.

Living with this condition

Living with Parkinson’s is about finding a rhythm that works for you. It helps to plan your day around times when you feel most capable. Leave extra time for tasks, rest when you need to, and do not feel embarrassed to ask for a physical hand when help is needed.

Lifestyle tips

• Try to stay physically active most days – even a short walk helps.
• Keep up with hobbies and social activities that make you feel connected.
• Use gadgets and small aids, such as non-slip mats and easy-grip utensils, to make daily tasks easier.
• Talk openly with your family and friends about what living with Parkinson’s is like.
• Give yourself permission to slow down and take breaks.

Diet and exercise

A balanced diet is important. Eating plenty of fibre, fruits, vegetables, and drinking enough water can help with digestion and constipation. Regular gentle exercise — such as walking, chair exercises, water aerobics, tai chi, or dance — can improve balance, strength, and mood. Always check with a physiotherapist or doctor before starting a new activity.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Parkinson’s can take an emotional toll. Many people feel anxious, depressed, or frustrated. Your mental health is a valid part of your condition. Talk to your doctor if your mood or anxiety is interfering with your daily life. Counselling, mindfulness, and mental health support can all help.

Prevention

There is no proven way to prevent Parkinson’s disease. Some studies suggest that regular exercise and a diet high in fruits and vegetables may be linked to a lower risk, but the evidence is not strong enough to recommend anything specific. The best approach is to live a generally healthy life and focus on early detection and good management if symptoms appear.

Complications

If left untreated

• Falls and fractures from balance problems
• Difficulty swallowing, which can lead to choking or pneumonia
• Pressure sores or infections from reduced mobility
• Severe disability and loss of independence
• Mental health crises, such as severe depression or anxiety

Long-term outlook

Parkinson’s is a serious condition, but many people live well with it for many years. The outlook is better when you have a dedicated care team, stick to your treatment plan, and keep an active participating role in your own care. Life expectancy can be near normal, especially for those diagnosed at an older age. It is a marathon, not a sprint, and support along the way can make a real difference.

Find support

International organisations

• Parkinson’s Foundation ↗
• Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research ↗

Local organisations

• Parkinson’s UK ↗ · UK

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