Parkinson's Disease
Sources consulted
This article is original patient-education content.
- WHO—Health topics A–Z(2024)
- NHS—Health A to Z(2024)
- CDC—Health topics(2024)
Based on international clinical guidelines
Overview
Parkinson's disease is a long-term brain condition that affects movement. It happens when certain nerve cells in the brain slowly stop working or die. These cells normally produce a chemical called dopamine, which helps control smooth and coordinated movement. Without enough dopamine, a person may have tremors, stiffness, and trouble with balance and walking.
Key facts
- Parkinson's disease is progressive, meaning symptoms usually get worse over time.
- It is not directly fatal, but complications can be serious.
- Treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
- It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's.
Parkinson's disease is fairly common, especially in people over 60. About 1 in 500 people in the UK have it. It is less common in younger adults.
Parkinson's disease mainly affects people over the age of 60, but about 1 in 20 people are under 50 when symptoms start. It is slightly more common in men than in women.
Symptoms
- Sudden confusion or inability to wake up.
- Severe difficulty breathing or choking.
- Signs of a stroke – such as sudden weakness on one side of the body, facial drooping, or slurred speech.
- Head injury from a fall that causes loss of consciousness or confusion.
- ⚠A sudden worsening of symptoms that makes it hard to move or speak.
- ⚠Uncontrolled, severe tremor that interferes with everyday life.
- ⚠New or worsening changes in swallowing – coughing or choking during meals.
- ⚠Frequent falls or feeling dizzy when standing up (orthostatic hypotension).
Common symptoms
- Tremor – shaking that often starts in one hand or arm when at rest.
- Stiffness (rigidity) – muscles feel tight and may not move easily.
- Slowness of movement (bradykinesia) – everyday tasks take longer.
- Problems with balance and coordination – may lead to falls.
- Changes in handwriting – may become smaller and harder to read.
- Loss of sense of smell – often one of the earliest signs.
- Sleep problems – such as acting out dreams or trouble sleeping.
- Depression and anxiety – mood changes are common.
Symptoms in children
- Parkinson's disease is very rare in children. If it does occur, it is usually a genetic form called 'juvenile parkinsonism'.
- Symptoms may include stiffness, slow movements, and trouble walking, but tremor may be less common.
- Children may also have changes in behavior, learning, and speech.
Symptoms in older adults
- The main symptoms – tremor, stiffness, and slowness – are the same as in younger people.
- Balance problems and falls are more common in older adults.
- Cognitive changes, such as memory loss and confusion, can develop in later stages.
- Older adults may have more side effects from medications.
Causes
Main causes
- Loss of dopamine-producing cells in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra.
- The exact reason why these cells die is not fully understood.
- A build-up of abnormal proteins (called Lewy bodies) in brain cells is thought to play a role.
- Both genetics and environmental factors likely contribute.
Risk factors
- Age – risk increases over age 60.
- Genetics – having a close family member with Parkinson's slightly raises the risk, but most cases are not inherited.
- Exposure to certain toxins – such as pesticides and herbicides.
- Head injury – repeated head trauma may increase risk.
- Being male – men are slightly more likely to develop Parkinson's than women.
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- If you suddenly cannot move, speak, or swallow properly.
- If you have a fall that causes injury, especially a head injury.
- If you have new confusion or hallucinations.
- If you are having trouble breathing or feel like you are choking.
Book a routine appointment if:
- If you notice a tremor, stiffness, or slowness that does not go away.
- If your sense of smell has changed and you don't know why.
- If you have trouble walking or feel unsteady.
- If your handwriting has become much smaller or harder to read.
Diagnosis
There is no single test for Parkinson's disease. A neurologist (a doctor who specializes in the nervous system) will ask about your symptoms and medical history, do a physical exam, and look for the main signs of tremor, stiffness, and slowness. They may also see how you respond to a medication that boosts dopamine.
Tests that may be done
- Neurological exam – checks movement, balance, and reflexes.
- Blood tests – to rule out other conditions.
- Brain imaging (such as an MRI or a DaTscan) – to look for changes in the brain and rule out other causes.
- Response to Parkinson's medication – improvement with treatment can support the diagnosis.
What to expect at your appointment
A diagnosis of Parkinson's disease can take time. Your neurologist will explain the findings and what they mean. You may be referred to a specialist team, including a Parkinson's nurse and a physiotherapist. There is no rush to start treatment unless symptoms bother you.
Treatment
Treatment for Parkinson's disease focuses on managing symptoms and maintaining quality of life. There is no cure, but many people benefit from a combination of medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes. Treatment is tailored to each person's needs and may change over time.
Self-care at home
- Exercise regularly – activities like walking, cycling, swimming, or tai chi can improve mobility and balance.
- Eat a healthy, balanced diet – plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may help.
- Stay socially connected – isolation can worsen mood and function.
- Get enough sleep – a consistent routine helps manage fatigue.
- Modify your home to prevent falls – remove loose rugs, use handrails, and keep pathways clear.
Medical treatments
Medications are used to increase dopamine levels or mimic its effects in the brain. Common types include drugs that replace dopamine or help the brain use dopamine better. These are prescribed by a doctor and adjusted as needed. There are also treatments for non-movement symptoms like depression and sleep problems. Therapies such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy are very helpful for managing daily activities, improving movement, and addressing speech and swallowing difficulties.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is an option for some people with advanced Parkinson's disease whose symptoms are not well controlled with medication. The most common surgery is deep brain stimulation (DBS), where a device is implanted to send electrical pulses to specific brain areas. This can reduce tremor, stiffness, and slowness. A doctor will decide if surgery is suitable after a full assessment.
Living with this condition
Living well with Parkinson's involves building good habits. Many people find it helpful to stick to a daily routine, take medications on time, and plan activities for when they have the most energy. It is also important to ask for help when needed, from family, friends, or healthcare professionals.
Lifestyle tips
- Stay active – regular exercise can slow the progression of symptoms.
- Eat small, frequent meals if chewing or swallowing is difficult.
- Drink plenty of water to avoid constipation.
- Avoid alcohol and smoking, as they can make symptoms worse.
- Manage stress – relaxation techniques like breathing exercises or gentle yoga can help.
Diet and exercise
A healthy diet is key. Eat foods high in fiber to prevent constipation, and include protein at meals, though it may affect how some medications work. Exercise is very important – it improves strength, balance, and mood. Aim for at least 30 minutes of activity most days. A physiotherapist can help design a safe program.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Parkinson's disease can affect mood and thinking. Depression and anxiety are very common and can be treated. Some people notice changes in memory or concentration. It is important to talk to your doctor about any emotional or mental health concerns. Support from a counselor or support group can also help.
Prevention
Currently, there is no proven way to prevent Parkinson's disease. Research is ongoing, and some studies suggest that staying physically active and eating a healthy diet may lower the risk, but more evidence is needed.
Screening programmes
There is no routine screening test for Parkinson's disease because the cause is not fully understood and symptoms develop gradually. If you have a strong family history, you may want to speak with a genetic counselor.
Complications
If left untreated
- Increased risk of falls and injuries.
- Difficulty walking and moving independently.
- Problems with swallowing and choking.
- Aspiration pneumonia (a lung infection from food or liquid going into the airway).
- Depression and social isolation.
- Cognitive decline, including dementia in later stages.
Long-term outlook
Everyone's experience with Parkinson's is different. With good treatment and support, many people live full, active lives for years after diagnosis. Symptoms can be managed, and research continues to improve care. While the disease progresses, it is possible to maintain a good quality of life with the right help.
Find support
International organisations
Local organisations
- Parkinson's UK ↗ · United Kingdom
Helplines
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.