Prediabetes
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Prediabetes is a condition where your blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes. It is a warning sign that your body is having trouble handling sugar, and it increases your risk of developing type 2 diabetes and heart disease. The good news is that prediabetes can often be reversed with healthy lifestyle changes.
Key facts
- About 1 in 3 adults in the UK has prediabetes.
- Most people with prediabetes have no symptoms, so you could have it without knowing.
- It is a reversible condition – many people can bring their blood sugar back to normal with diet and exercise.
Yes, prediabetes is very common. It affects millions of adults worldwide, and the number is growing due to factors like obesity and sedentary lifestyles.
Prediabetes can affect anyone, but you are at higher risk if you are over 40, are overweight, have a family history of type 2 diabetes, or are of South Asian, Black, or Chinese ethnicity.
Symptoms
- If you experience any of these symptoms, especially with known prediabetes, call your local emergency number or go to the nearest emergency department immediately: extreme thirst, passing large amounts of urine several times a day, blurred vision, confusion, nausea or vomiting, or a fruity smell on your breath (this can be a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis, a rare but serious condition).
- ⚠If you have symptoms of high blood sugar that are not severe – such as feeling very tired, having frequent infections, or slow-healing cuts – see your GP or same-day clinic.
Common symptoms
- Often, prediabetes has no symptoms at all.
- Some people may notice dark, velvety patches on the skin, often around the neck, armpits, or groin. This is called acanthosis nigricans and can be a sign of insulin resistance.
Symptoms in children
- Children with prediabetes usually have no symptoms, but may develop dark skin patches (acanthosis nigricans) or show signs of insulin resistance.
Symptoms in older adults
- Older adults often have no symptoms, but may experience increased thirst or urination as blood sugar rises.
Causes
Main causes
- The body becomes resistant to insulin, the hormone that helps sugar enter your cells.
- The pancreas may not produce enough insulin to keep blood sugar levels normal.
Risk factors
- Being overweight or obese, especially carrying excess weight around your belly.
- Being physically inactive.
- Having a family history of type 2 diabetes.
- Being over 40 years old.
- Being of South Asian, African-Caribbean, Black, or Chinese ethnicity.
- Having had gestational diabetes (diabetes during pregnancy).
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- If you develop any of the emergency symptoms listed above.
- If you have symptoms of high blood sugar that are new or getting worse.
Book a routine appointment if:
- If you have any risk factors for prediabetes, see your GP for a simple blood test.
- If you are over 40 and have not been checked, ask your doctor about a blood sugar test during your routine health check.
Diagnosis
Prediabetes is diagnosed through a simple blood test. Your doctor will measure your blood sugar levels to see if they are higher than normal but not in the diabetes range.
Tests that may be done
- Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test – shows your average blood sugar over the past 2 to 3 months.
- Fasting plasma glucose test – measures your blood sugar after you have not eaten for at least 8 hours.
- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) – measures your blood sugar before and after drinking a sugary drink.
What to expect at your appointment
The test is a simple blood draw, often done at your GP surgery or a local clinic. You may be asked to fast beforehand. Results usually come back within a few days.
Treatment
The main treatment for prediabetes is making healthy lifestyle changes. With the right support, most people can bring their blood sugar back to normal. Your healthcare team will help you create a plan that fits your life.
Self-care at home
- Lose 5-7% of your body weight if you are overweight (for example, about 5-7 kg if you weigh 100 kg).
- Get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise each week, such as brisk walking, cycling, or swimming.
- Eat a balanced diet rich in vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and healthy fats.
- Limit sugary drinks, sweets, processed foods, and refined carbohydrates.
- Quit smoking and limit alcohol intake.
Medical treatments
If lifestyle changes alone are not enough, your doctor may prescribe medication to help lower your blood sugar. This is more common if you are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Your healthcare provider will discuss the best options for you.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is not a treatment for prediabetes. Lifestyle changes and medication are the recommended approaches.
Living with this condition
Living with prediabetes means making small, lasting changes to your diet and activity levels. You can think of it as a chance to take control of your health. Most people find that once they start, they feel more energetic and healthier overall.
Lifestyle tips
- Keep a food and activity diary to track your progress.
- Set realistic goals, like walking 15 minutes after dinner or swapping sugary drinks for water.
- Find a physical activity you enjoy – dancing, gardening, or jogging with a friend.
- Get support from family and friends – tell them your goals so they can help.
Diet and exercise
Aim for a diet full of colourful vegetables, fruits, whole grains (like oats and brown rice), lean meats, fish, and beans. Try to limit processed foods and added sugars. For exercise, 30 minutes of moderate activity 5 days a week is a great target. Even short bursts of activity add up.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Being told you have prediabetes can be stressful or worrying. It is normal to feel concerned, but remember that this condition is reversible. Many people use it as a wake-up call to make positive changes. If you feel anxious, talk to your doctor or a counsellor.
Prevention
Yes, prediabetes can often be prevented or delayed by maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active, eating a balanced diet, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol. Even small changes can make a big difference.
Vaccines
There is no vaccine for prediabetes. Staying up to date on other vaccines (like the flu vaccine) is still important for overall health.
Screening programmes
If you have risk factors, your doctor may recommend regular blood tests to check your blood sugar levels. In the UK, the NHS Health Check for adults aged 40-74 includes a blood sugar test.
Complications
If left untreated
- Prediabetes can progress to type 2 diabetes if not managed.
- It increases your risk of heart disease and stroke.
- Over time, high blood sugar can damage nerves, kidneys, and eyes (though this is more common with full diabetes).
Long-term outlook
The outlook for people with prediabetes is very good. With early action, many people can bring their blood sugar back to normal and avoid or delay type 2 diabetes. Even if you cannot fully reverse it, managing your blood sugar can keep you healthy for years to come.
Find support
International organisations
Local organisations
- Diabetes UK ↗ · United Kingdom
- NHS – Prediabetes Information ↗ · United Kingdom
Helplines
External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.
Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Related conditions
Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 16, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.
Guidance may differ by country or region. Confirm local recommendations with a qualified healthcare provider.