Prostate cancer survivorship in teenagers

Overview

Prostate cancer is a disease that starts in the prostate, a small gland in the male reproductive system. It is almost always found in older men. A teenager having prostate cancer is extremely rare. Survivorship means looking after your body and emotions after cancer treatment, and making a plan for your future health.

No. Prostate cancer in teenagers is extremely rare. Less than 1% of all prostate cancers happen in men under 50, and teenagers are almost never affected.

It affects teenage boys who, for reasons that are not understood, develop prostate cancer. Survivors may be going through puberty and need special support from a cancer care team that understands young bodies.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Difficulty starting or stopping urination
• Weak or interrupted urine flow
• Blood in urine or semen
• Bone pain, especially in the back, hips, or pelvis

Symptoms in children

• Teenagers with prostate cancer may not have any symptoms at first.
• When symptoms do appear, they are the same as in adults, but a doctor may not suspect prostate cancer because of the teen's age.

Symptoms in older adults

• Prostate cancer in older men often grows slowly and may cause no symptoms.
• When symptoms occur, they may include urinating more often at night, a sudden need to urinate, or pain with ejaculation.

Causes

Main causes

• The exact cause of prostate cancer is unknown.
• Genetic changes in prostate cells can cause them to grow out of control.
• There is no known cause specifically for prostate cancer in teenagers.

Risk factors

• A family history of prostate, breast, or ovarian cancer
• Inherited gene changes, such as BRCA mutations
• Certain rare genetic conditions that increase cancer risk early in life

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have difficulty urinating or cannot urinate at all
• If you see blood in your urine or semen
• If you have severe pelvic or back pain

Book a routine appointment if:

• Attend all follow-up appointments after cancer treatment.
• See your care team if you notice any new symptoms or side effects from treatment.

Diagnosis

A diagnosis is made through a combination of tests. Because prostate cancer is so rare in teenagers, doctors will look carefully at all symptoms and may refer you to a specialist centre.

Tests that may be done

• PSA blood test (a blood test that measures prostate-specific antigen)
• Digital rectal examination (a doctor checks the prostate through the rectum)
• MRI scan of the prostate
• Biopsy (a small sample of prostate tissue is taken and checked under a microscope)

What to expect at your appointment

If you are having tests, the process may feel uncomfortable but should not be painful. You will be told what will happen during each test. A team of specialists will explain the results and what they mean for you.

Treatment

Treatment for prostate cancer in a teenager is planned by a team of specialists, including urologists, oncologists, and nurses who care for young people with cancer. The treatment may be different from what an older man would receive, to protect growth and future health.

Self-care at home

• Go to all your follow-up appointments and scans.
• Talk openly with your care team about any side effects.
• Keep a diary of symptoms or worries and bring it to appointments.
• Ask for help if you feel anxious, sad, or overwhelmed.

Medical treatments

Options may include surgery to remove the prostate, radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells, hormone therapy to lower testosterone, or chemotherapy. Sometimes two or more treatments are used together. Your doctor will explain which approach is recommended for your situation.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery to remove the prostate is sometimes used if cancer is contained in the prostate. The decision depends on the stage of the cancer and how it might affect a growing body.

Living with this condition

Life after cancer treatment can feel different. You may have energy changes, bladder or bowel concerns, or worry about body image. It can help to set small daily goals and focus on what you enjoy.

Lifestyle tips

• Stay physically active, like walking, swimming, or light sports.
• Get enough sleep and rest when you need it.
• Avoid smoking, vaping, and alcohol.
• Talk to a trusted adult, friend, or school counsellor about your feelings.

Diet and exercise

Eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and protein to help your body recover and grow. Gentle exercise can improve mood and energy. Your care team or dietitian can give personal advice.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Surviving cancer as a teenager can bring anxiety, sadness, or feelings of isolation. These feelings are normal and deserve support. It is very important to talk to someone you trust. If you are ever in crisis or having thoughts of harming yourself, contact a crisis helpline or call your local emergency number right away.

Prevention

There is no known way to prevent prostate cancer in teenagers because the cause is not understood. The focus should be on early detection and good survivorship care after treatment.

Complications

If left untreated

• Prostate cancer can spread to nearby tissues or bones.
• Cancer that spreads may cause bone pain, fractures, or other health problems.
• Untreated cancer can be life-threatening.

Long-term outlook

If prostate cancer is found in a teenager, it is a very rare situation, but survivorship is possible. With prompt, specialist care and a strong support team, many survivors go on to live full and active lives. Long-term follow-up helps you stay as healthy as possible.

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