Psoriasis
Sources consulted
This article is original patient-education content.
- NICE—Psoriasis. NG137(2022)
- NHS—Psoriasis(2023)
- WHO—Psoriasis fact sheet(2023)
Based on international clinical guidelines
Overview
Psoriasis is a long-term skin condition that causes red, scaly patches on the skin. It happens when the immune system speeds up skin cell growth, leading to a build-up of cells on the surface.
Key facts
- Psoriasis is not contagious—you cannot catch it from someone else.
- It is a chronic condition with flare-ups and remissions.
- It can also affect the joints in a condition called psoriatic arthritis.
Yes, psoriasis is quite common. About 2–3% of people worldwide have it, including around 1.8 million people in the UK.
Psoriasis can start at any age, but most often appears between ages 15 and 35. It affects men and women equally.
Symptoms
- Sudden widespread redness and pain over most of the body (erythrodermic psoriasis).
- Small pus-filled blisters on top of red skin (pustular psoriasis) with fever or chills.
- Severe joint pain with swelling, making it hard to move.
- ⚠New or worsening joint pain or swelling (possible psoriatic arthritis).
- ⚠Skin infection—signs like increased redness, warmth, swelling, or oozing.
- ⚠Symptoms that severely affect your daily life or mental health.
Common symptoms
- Red, raised patches of skin covered with silvery scales.
- Dry, cracked skin that may bleed or itch.
- Thickened, pitted, or ridged nails.
- Stiff, swollen joints (psoriatic arthritis).
Symptoms in children
- Smaller, thinner plaques that may not be as scaly as in adults.
- Common on the scalp, face, and skin folds.
- Sometimes misdiagnosed as diaper rash or eczema.
Symptoms in older adults
- Skin may become more fragile and prone to bleeding.
- Plaques can be thicker and more persistent.
- Joint symptoms (psoriatic arthritis) are more common.
Causes
Main causes
- An overactive immune system that mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells, causing rapid cell turnover.
- Genetics—psoriasis runs in families and certain genes increase the risk.
- Triggers such as stress, infections (especially strep throat), skin injuries, certain medications, and cold weather.
Risk factors
- Family history of psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis.
- Having an autoimmune condition like Crohn's disease.
- Obesity, smoking, and heavy alcohol use can worsen symptoms.
- Stress and some infections (such as strep throat) can trigger flare-ups.
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- If you have joint pain, swelling, or stiffness—this could be psoriatic arthritis and needs early treatment.
- If your skin becomes very red and painful over a large area.
- If you develop pus-filled blisters with fever or chills.
Book a routine appointment if:
- If you have a rash that doesn't go away or is itchy, scaly, or uncomfortable.
- If psoriasis affects your nails, scalp, or genitals.
- If over-the-counter treatments (like moisturisers) are not helping.
Diagnosis
A doctor usually diagnoses psoriasis by looking at your skin, scalp, and nails. They will ask about your symptoms, family history, and any triggers. In some cases, they may take a small skin sample (a biopsy) to confirm.
Tests that may be done
- Physical exam of the skin, nails, and joints.
- Skin biopsy—a tiny piece of skin is removed and examined under a microscope.
- Blood tests to rule out other conditions or check for psoriatic arthritis.
What to expect at your appointment
The doctor will ask about your medical history and examine your skin. The process is quick and usually painless. If a biopsy is needed, they will numb the area first. You’ll have a chance to discuss treatment options and next steps.
Treatment
Treatment aims to control symptoms, reduce inflammation, and slow skin cell growth. The right approach depends on the severity of your psoriasis, where it appears, and your overall health. Most people start with topical creams and may progress to light therapy or systemic medications if needed.
Self-care at home
- Keep skin well-moisturised with fragrance-free emollients.
- Avoid scratching—use cool compresses or anti-itch creams (ask your pharmacist).
- Identify and avoid your personal triggers, such as stress or certain foods.
- Gently remove scales by soaking in a warm bath and using a soft cloth.
Medical treatments
Doctors may prescribe creams, ointments, or gels applied to the skin (topical treatments). For moderate to severe psoriasis, light therapy (phototherapy) using ultraviolet light may be used. Systemic treatments are oral or injectable medications that work throughout the body. Your doctor will discuss the options and choose the safest treatment for you.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is not used to treat psoriasis itself. However, if you have psoriatic arthritis that damages joints, joint replacement surgery might be considered.
Living with this condition
Living with psoriasis means managing flare-ups and keeping skin comfortable. Many people find a daily skin care routine helps. It’s important to protect your mental health, as psoriasis can affect self-esteem and quality of life.
Lifestyle tips
- Use gentle, unscented soaps and moisturisers.
- Wear soft, breathable fabrics like cotton.
- Manage stress with relaxation techniques like deep breathing or meditation.
- Avoid smoking and limit alcohol, as they can worsen psoriasis.
Diet and exercise
A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acids may help reduce inflammation. Regular exercise can improve joint health if you have psoriatic arthritis and help with weight management, which reduces symptoms.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Psoriasis can cause embarrassment, anxiety, and depression. It’s common to feel self-conscious about your skin. If you feel overwhelmed, talk to a healthcare professional or a counsellor. You are not alone.
Prevention
Psoriasis cannot be prevented because it is linked to genes and the immune system. However, you may reduce flare-ups by avoiding triggers, managing stress, and keeping your skin healthy.
Vaccines
There is no vaccine for psoriasis. But stay up to date with routine vaccinations, as infections can trigger flare-ups. Talk to your doctor before getting any live vaccine if you are on certain systemic treatments.
Screening programmes
There is no routine screening for psoriasis. If you have a family history, be aware of early signs like scaly patches or joint pain and see your doctor if they appear.
Complications
If left untreated
- Psoriatic arthritis—pain, swelling, and joint damage.
- Increased risk of cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes.
- Skin infections from scratching or cracks.
- Emotional distress, depression, and social isolation.
Long-term outlook
Psoriasis is a lifelong condition, but most people manage it well with treatment. Symptoms can come and go, and many people achieve clear or nearly clear skin. With the right care, you can live a full, active life.
Find support
International organisations
Local organisations
- Psoriasis Association (UK) ↗ · United Kingdom
Helplines
External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.
Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.