Psoriasis patient overview

Overview

Psoriasis is a long-term skin condition where skin cells grow too quickly, causing thick, red, scaly patches. It is not contagious and can also affect the nails and joints.

Yes, psoriasis affects about 2–3% of people worldwide, making it a relatively common skin condition.

Psoriasis can start at any age, but it most often begins between ages 15 and 35. It affects people of all genders and ethnicities.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Red, raised patches of skin covered with silvery scales (plaques).
• Itching, burning, or soreness around the patches.
• Cracked or dry skin that may bleed.
• Thick, pitted, or ridged fingernails and toenails.
• Pain and swelling in the joints (in some people).

Symptoms in children

• Plaques that are often smaller, thinner, and less scaly than in adults.
• Commonly affects the scalp, elbows, and knees.
• May be mistaken for diaper rash in babies.

Symptoms in older adults

• May have more widespread and thicker plaques.
• Increased itching and dryness of the skin.
• Higher risk of developing psoriatic arthritis.

Causes

Main causes

• An overactive immune system that mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells, causing them to grow too quickly.
• A mix of genetic factors and environmental triggers.

Risk factors

• Family history of psoriasis.
• Stress.
• Infections, such as strep throat.
• Injury to the skin (like a cut or sunburn).
• Certain medications (please ask your doctor for details).
• Heavy alcohol use and smoking.

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have signs of a skin infection (see emergency symptoms above).
• If you develop joint pain, swelling, or stiffness that limits movement.

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you notice skin patches that concern you or do not go away.
• If your current treatment isn't helping, or you have side effects.
• If you want a clear diagnosis and a treatment plan.

Diagnosis

A doctor or dermatologist can usually diagnose psoriasis by looking at your skin, scalp, and nails. They will ask about your symptoms, family history, and any triggers.

Tests that may be done

• Skin biopsy: A small sample of skin is taken and examined under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions.
• Blood tests: These are not routine for psoriasis but may be used to check for related conditions like psoriatic arthritis.

What to expect at your appointment

During your visit, the doctor will examine the patches, ask about your health history, and may take a small skin sample. The process is quick and usually done in the office.

Treatment

Psoriasis cannot be cured, but treatment can help control symptoms, reduce flare-ups, and improve skin appearance. The goal is to slow skin cell growth and calm inflammation.

Self-care at home

• Moisturize your skin daily with a gentle, fragrance-free cream or ointment.
• Avoid scratching and use mild, soap-free cleansers.
• Limit time in the sun and use sunscreen to prevent sunburn (which can trigger flares).
• Manage stress with relaxation techniques like deep breathing or meditation.
• Avoid known triggers like smoking and heavy alcohol use.

Medical treatments

Doctors may recommend treatments such as topical creams and ointments, phototherapy (light therapy taken under medical supervision), or systemic medications (pills or injections) that work on the immune system. Your doctor will choose the approach based on your symptoms, overall health, and preferences. Always discuss the benefits and risks with your healthcare provider.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is rarely needed for psoriasis itself. In cases of severe psoriatic arthritis that does not respond to other treatments, joint surgery may be considered, but this is uncommon.

Living with this condition

Living with psoriasis often involves managing flare-ups with treatment and self-care. Many people lead full, active lives. Keeping a symptom diary can help you identify triggers and track what works.

Lifestyle tips

• Maintain a healthy weight to reduce stress on your joints if you have psoriatic arthritis.
• Get enough sleep and try to keep a regular routine.
• Wear soft, loose-fitting clothing to avoid irritation.

Diet and exercise

A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can support overall health. Regular exercise, like walking or swimming, can reduce stress and help with joint stiffness. There is no specific psoriasis diet, but some people find that avoiding certain foods (like processed items) helps.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Psoriasis can affect how you feel about your appearance and may lead to anxiety or low mood. It's important to talk to your doctor if you feel depressed or overly worried. Treatments and support are available.

Prevention

Psoriasis cannot be prevented because it is an autoimmune condition with genetic links. However, you may be able to reduce the frequency of flare-ups by avoiding your personal triggers, managing stress, and following your treatment plan.

Vaccines

Most vaccines, including the flu and COVID-19 vaccines, are safe for people with psoriasis. However, if you are taking medications that affect your immune system, talk to your doctor before getting vaccinated.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening test for psoriasis. If you have a family history, pay attention to skin changes and see a doctor if you notice any unusual patches.

Complications

If left untreated

• Psoriatic arthritis — joint pain, swelling, and stiffness that can lead to joint damage.
• Increased risk of skin infections due to cracks in the skin.
• Higher risk of other health problems such as heart disease, diabetes, and depression.

Long-term outlook

With proper treatment and self-care, most people with psoriasis can control their symptoms and enjoy a good quality of life. Advanced treatments continue to improve, offering more options than ever before.

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