Rheumatoid arthritis living in adults
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Rheumatoid arthritis is a long-lasting condition where your immune system mistakenly attacks the lining of your joints, causing pain, stiffness, and swelling. It can also affect other parts of your body.
Key facts
- It is an autoimmune disease – your body’s defence system attacks healthy tissues.
- It often affects the same joints on both sides of the body, like both wrists or both knees.
- Although there is no cure, treatments can help control symptoms and improve quality of life.
Rheumatoid arthritis is less common than osteoarthritis, but it still affects about 1 in every 100 people worldwide.
It can affect anyone, but it is most common in people aged 40 to 60. Women are more likely to develop it than men.
Symptoms
- Sudden, severe joint pain with high fever (over 38°C / 100.4°F) and chills – this could be a sign of a serious infection.
- Difficulty breathing or chest pain – these could be signs of inflammation around the heart or lungs.
- ⚠Severe joint swelling that makes it impossible to move the joint.
- ⚠Signs of an infection in a joint – redness, warmth, and fever. Do not wait – see a doctor the same day.
Common symptoms
- Joint pain, swelling, and tenderness, often in the hands, wrists, feet, and knees.
- Morning stiffness that lasts for 30 minutes or more.
- Fatigue (feeling very tired) and a general feeling of being unwell.
- Warmth and redness around affected joints.
Symptoms in children
- In children and teenagers, it is called juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Symptoms can include joint pain and swelling, but also fever and a rash.
Symptoms in older adults
- In older adults, symptoms may start more gradually and affect larger joints like the shoulders and hips. There may be less swelling but more stiffness.
Causes
Main causes
- The exact cause is unknown, but it happens when your immune system attacks the synovium – the lining of your joints.
- It is not caused by wear and tear like osteoarthritis. It is an autoimmune condition.
Risk factors
- Genetics – certain genes may make you more likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis if triggered.
- Smoking is a strong risk factor and can make the disease more severe.
- Hormones – women are more affected than men, possibly due to hormonal factors.
- Infections – some viruses or bacteria may trigger the immune system to start the process.
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- If you have sudden severe joint pain, swelling, or redness, especially with fever.
- If you have difficulty moving a joint after an injury or for no clear reason.
Book a routine appointment if:
- If you have joint pain, stiffness, or swelling that lasts more than a few weeks.
- If morning stiffness does not improve after getting up and moving around.
Diagnosis
There is no single test for rheumatoid arthritis. Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, examine your joints, and order blood tests and imaging scans to help confirm the diagnosis.
Tests that may be done
- Blood tests to check for inflammation (like ESR and CRP) and certain antibodies (like rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP).
- X-rays or ultrasound scans to look at joint damage or swelling.
- Physical examination of your joints for swelling, warmth, and range of motion.
What to expect at your appointment
You may be referred to a rheumatologist – a doctor who specialises in joint diseases. Diagnosis can take a little time because symptoms can mimic other conditions. Be patient and keep a record of your symptoms to share with your doctor.
Treatment
Treatment aims to reduce inflammation, relieve pain, prevent joint damage, and improve your quality of life. It usually involves a combination of medications, physical therapies, and lifestyle changes.
Self-care at home
- Rest when your joints are painful or swollen, but also do gentle exercises to keep them moving.
- Apply heat (like a warm towel or a bath) to relax stiff muscles and cold packs to reduce swelling.
- Use assistive devices like jar openers or a long-handled shoehorn to make daily tasks easier.
- Learn about joint protection techniques – your doctor or physiotherapist can show you.
Medical treatments
Doctors often start with pain relievers and anti-inflammatory medicines. If these are not enough, they may prescribe disease-modifying drugs to slow the disease. Biologic treatments – a type of targeted therapy – may be used for severe cases. All treatments must be prescribed and monitored by a healthcare professional.
When is surgery considered?
If joint damage is severe and other treatments no longer help, surgery like joint replacement (particularly for hips or knees) may be considered to relieve pain and improve movement.
Living with this condition
Living with rheumatoid arthritis means finding a balance between activity and rest. Plan your day, take breaks, and ask for help when you need it. Use strategies that save your energy for the things that matter most.
Lifestyle tips
- Stay physically active – walking, swimming, or cycling can help keep joints flexible.
- Quit smoking – it makes RA more active and harder to treat.
- Get enough sleep and manage stress – both can worsen symptoms.
- Listen to your body – learn to recognise flares and adjust activities accordingly.
Diet and exercise
A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats may help reduce inflammation. Some people find that certain foods like oily fish (salmon, mackerel) are helpful. Gentle exercises like stretching, yoga, or tai chi can improve flexibility and mood. Always talk to your physiotherapist before starting a new exercise program.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Living with a long-term condition can be stressful and sometimes lead to anxiety or depression. It is important to look after your mental health. Talk to your doctor, a counsellor, or join a support group. If you feel overwhelmed, please seek help – your mental health matters just as much as your physical health. (If you are in crisis, contact your local crisis helpline or emergency services.)
Prevention
There is no known way to prevent rheumatoid arthritis because the causes are not fully understood. However, not smoking and maintaining a healthy weight may lower your risk.
Vaccines
People with rheumatoid arthritis may be at higher risk of infections, especially if they take certain medications. Staying up to date with recommended vaccines (like the flu vaccine and pneumonia vaccine) is important. Ask your doctor which vaccines are right for you.
Screening programmes
Routine screening for rheumatoid arthritis is not recommended for the general public. If you have a family history or early symptoms, talk to your doctor.
Complications
If left untreated
- Permanent joint damage and deformity.
- Osteoporosis (weakened bones) due to inflammation and some medications.
- Increased risk of heart disease and stroke.
- Inflammation of other parts of the body, such as the lungs, eyes, or blood vessels.
Long-term outlook
With modern treatments, most people with rheumatoid arthritis can manage their symptoms and maintain a good quality of life. The key is to work closely with your healthcare team, start treatment early, and keep up with your care plan. Although there is no cure, many people continue to enjoy their daily activities and live well for many years.
Find support
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
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Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 25, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.