Sore Throat
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
A sore throat is pain, scratchiness, or irritation of the throat that often gets worse when you swallow. It's usually caused by a viral infection like a cold or flu.
Key facts
- Most sore throats get better on their own within a week without needing antibiotics.
- Viral sore throats are far more common than bacterial ones, so antibiotics are rarely needed.
- Simple home care like warm honey and lemon or gargling salt water can often soothe the pain.
Yes, it's one of the most common reasons people see a doctor or visit a pharmacy, especially during winter months.
Sore throats can affect anyone, but children and teenagers get them most often, usually from viral infections.
Symptoms
- Trouble breathing or feeling like the throat is closing up
- Inability to swallow saliva (drooling)
- Severe swelling that makes it hard to open the mouth or breathe
- ⚠High fever (over 38°C) that doesn't get better after 2 days
- ⚠Severe throat pain that stops you from eating or drinking
- ⚠Rash along with a sore throat
- ⚠Signs of dehydration (dark urine, dry mouth, dizziness)
Common symptoms
- Pain or scratchy feeling in the throat
- Pain when swallowing
- Swollen glands in the neck
- Red or swollen tonsils
- Hoarse voice
Symptoms in children
- Same as common symptoms, plus fever, fussiness, and refusing to eat or drink
Symptoms in older adults
- May have less noticeable pain but more trouble swallowing, a dry mouth, or a feeling of something stuck in the throat
Causes
Main causes
- Viral infections (colds, flu, COVID-19, glandular fever)
- Bacterial infections (most commonly strep throat caused by group A Streptococcus)
- Allergies (to pollen, dust, pet dander)
- Dry air or breathing through the mouth
- Smoking or exposure to second-hand smoke
- Acid reflux (stomach acid coming up into the throat)
Risk factors
- Being around people who are sick (especially in schools, offices, or daycare)
- Smoking or living with someone who smokes
- Having a weakened immune system due to illness or medication
- Frequent close contact with others in large groups
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- Difficulty breathing or swallowing
- High fever that doesn't come down with over-the-counter pain relief
- Severe pain in the throat that doesn't improve
- Swollen neck glands that are painful or tender
- White patches or pus on the tonsils
Book a routine appointment if:
- Sore throat lasting more than a week
- Recurring sore throats (several times a year)
- Hoarse voice that lasts more than 2 weeks
Diagnosis
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and examine your throat, ears, and nose. They may also feel the sides of your neck for swollen glands.
Tests that may be done
- Rapid strep test (a quick swab of the throat to check for bacteria)
- Throat culture (a swab sent to a lab to identify the exact cause)
What to expect at your appointment
The doctor will use a light to look at your throat and tonsils, and may press gently on your neck. The swab is quick and may cause a brief gagging feeling, but it's not painful.
Treatment
Treatment depends on what's causing the sore throat. Viral infections get better on their own with rest and home care. Bacterial infections may need antibiotics to prevent complications.
Self-care at home
- Rest your voice and get plenty of rest
- Drink warm liquids like honey and lemon in hot water or herbal tea
- Gargle with warm salt water (half a teaspoon of salt in a glass of warm water)
- Sip cool drinks or eat ice cream to numb the pain
- Use a cool-mist humidifier to add moisture to the air
- Avoid smoke, strong fumes, and dry air
Medical treatments
If a bacterial infection is confirmed, your doctor may prescribe a course of antibiotics. Always take them exactly as directed and finish the course, even if you feel better. Over-the-counter pain relievers like paracetamol or ibuprofen can help reduce pain and fever – check with a pharmacist or doctor for the right dose, especially for children. Do not give aspirin to anyone under 16.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is rarely needed. In very rare cases of severe or recurrent tonsillitis that does not respond to other treatment, a tonsillectomy (removing the tonsils) may be considered. This decision is made by an ear, nose and throat specialist.
Living with this condition
Stay well hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids. Rest your voice and avoid shouting or talking for long periods. Use a humidifier to keep the air moist, especially at night.
Lifestyle tips
- Avoid smoking and second-hand smoke
- Wash hands often to avoid spreading germs to others
- Cover your mouth when coughing or sneezing
Diet and exercise
Eat soft, cool foods like yogurt, applesauce, smoothies, or ice cream. Avoid spicy, salty, or acidic foods that can irritate the throat. You can do gentle exercise if you feel up to it, but rest if you have a fever.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
A sore throat can be uncomfortable and frustrating, but it is usually temporary. If you have chronic throat problems, it might cause worry or stress – talk to your doctor about your concerns.
Prevention
You cannot always prevent a sore throat, but good hygiene helps reduce the risk. Wash your hands regularly, avoid close contact with people who are sick, and do not share cups or utensils.
Vaccines
Getting the flu vaccine each year can reduce your chance of flu-related sore throats. The COVID-19 vaccine also helps prevent sore throats caused by COVID-19. Your local health provider can tell you which vaccines are recommended for you.
Screening programmes
There is no routine screening for sore throats. However, if you have frequent infections, your doctor may suggest testing for underlying conditions.
Complications
If left untreated
- Rarely, untreated strep throat can lead to rheumatic fever, which can affect the heart and joints
- It can also cause kidney inflammation (glomerulonephritis)
- Occasionally, a throat infection can spread to nearby areas, causing tonsillar abscess (a pocket of pus)
Long-term outlook
The outlook is excellent for most people. Almost all sore throats clear up on their own or with simple treatment. Even if you need antibiotics for strep throat, it usually gets better quickly. Serious complications are very rare, especially if you see a doctor when symptoms are severe.
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Related conditions
Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 16, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.
Guidance may differ by country or region. Confirm local recommendations with a qualified healthcare provider.