Testicular Cancer
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Testicular cancer starts in the testicles, the male organs that make sperm and the hormone testosterone. It usually begins as a painless lump or swelling in one testicle. With early treatment, it is one of the most curable cancers.
Key facts
- Most testicular cancers are found by men themselves as a painless lump.
- It is the most common cancer in men aged 15 to 49.
- Even if the cancer has spread, treatment is often successful.
Testicular cancer is not among the most common cancers, but it is the most common cancer in young and middle-aged men. Around 2,400 men are diagnosed each year in the UK.
It affects men and people with testicles, usually between the ages of 15 and 49. It can occur at any age, but it is much less common in older men and very rare in children.
Symptoms
- Sudden, severe pain in the scrotum or testicle — this could be testicular torsion, which needs urgent care
- A testicle that becomes extremely swollen, painful, or hard within a short time
- ⚠A new lump or swelling in either testicle
- ⚠A change in the way a testicle feels, such as becoming harder
- ⚠Persistent pain or discomfort in the scrotum that doesn't go away
Common symptoms
- A painless lump or swelling in either testicle
- A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
- A dull ache in the lower belly or groin
- Sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum
- Pain or discomfort in a testicle or the scrotum
- A testicle that becomes larger or changes how it feels
Symptoms in children
- A lump or swelling in the scrotum
- A larger or harder testicle than the other one
Symptoms in older adults
- A painless lump or swelling in a testicle
- A change in the size, shape, or texture of a testicle
- A heavy or dragging feeling in the scrotum
Causes
Main causes
- The exact cause is not known. Testicular cancer happens when cells in the testicle start to grow out of control. It is not caused by injury, sexual activity, or anything you have done.
Risk factors
- Being born with an undescended testicle
- A family history of testicular cancer
- Having had testicular cancer in the other testicle
- Being aged 15 to 49
- Having certain fertility problems
- Being of white ethnicity
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- A lump or swelling in either testicle
- A change in the size or shape of a testicle
- A dull ache or heavy feeling in the scrotum that lasts more than a few days
Book a routine appointment if:
- If you have concerns about your testicles during a general health check
- If you want advice on how to check your testicles
Diagnosis
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, examine your testicles, and may arrange an ultrasound scan and blood tests. If the findings suggest cancer, you will be referred to a specialist for further tests.
Tests that may be done
- A physical examination of the testicles
- Ultrasound of the scrotum
- Blood tests for tumour markers
- Sometimes a CT or MRI scan if cancer is confirmed
What to expect at your appointment
If your GP suspects testicular cancer, you will usually be seen by a specialist within two weeks. You will have an ultrasound and blood tests. If these indicate cancer, the usual next step is surgery to remove the affected testicle — this procedure both confirms the diagnosis and is the first treatment. You will not be asked to wait and watch.
Treatment
Treatment for testicular cancer depends on the type and how far it has spread. The main treatment is surgery to remove the affected testicle. Some men may also need chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Testicular cancer has a very high cure rate, even if it has spread.
Self-care at home
- Follow your surgeon's advice about wound care and bathing
- Wear supportive underwear if it helps with discomfort
- Rest and ease back into normal activity gradually
- Attend all follow-up appointments and do monthly self-checks of the remaining testicle
Medical treatments
Treatment approaches include surgery to remove the affected testicle, chemotherapy (medicines that kill cancer cells), radiotherapy (high-energy X-rays), and surveillance (regular check-ups after surgery). The exact plan is individualised based on the cancer's type and stage. Your specialist team will explain your options and answer your questions.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is almost always the first step. The standard operation is a radical inguinal orchidectomy, which removes the affected testicle through a small cut in the groin. Recovery is usually quick. In some cases, a testicular implant can be placed to maintain a natural appearance.
Living with this condition
After treatment, you will have regular check-ups for several years to monitor your health. Most men return to work and normal activities within a few weeks. You may feel tired at first, but energy usually returns gradually.
Lifestyle tips
- Attend every follow-up appointment, even if you feel well
- Get to know how your remaining testicle normally feels and check it regularly
- Talk to your partner, friends, or a counsellor about your feelings
- If you might want children in the future, talk to your doctor about fertility preservation before treatment
Diet and exercise
Eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruit, vegetables, and whole grains. Gentle exercise like walking can improve your mood and energy. After surgery, avoid heavy lifting until your doctor says it is safe.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
A cancer diagnosis can bring anxiety, fear, and sadness. These feelings are normal. You do not have to cope alone. Ask your healthcare team about counselling or support groups. If you ever have thoughts of harming yourself, reach out for help immediately — call your local emergency number or a crisis helpline.
Prevention
There is no known way to prevent testicular cancer. Early detection gives the best chance of successful treatment. Being familiar with the normal size, shape, and weight of your testicles helps you notice any changes early.
Screening programmes
There is no national screening programme for testicular cancer. Regular self-examination is not officially recommended for everyone, but many doctors encourage self-awareness. If you find a lump or any change, see your GP without delay.
Complications
If left untreated
- Cancer may spread to the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, or other organs
- The risk of infertility increases in the affected testicle
- If untreated, testicular cancer can become life-threatening
Long-term outlook
The outlook is very good. Most testicular cancers are cured. Even when the cancer has spread, high cure rates are still possible with modern treatment. Your doctors will give you a clear treatment plan and support you closely through every step.
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
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Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 31, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.