Type 2 diabetes living in adults

Overview

Type 2 diabetes is a condition where your body has trouble using insulin properly, a hormone that helps control blood sugar. Over time, your body may not make enough insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels. With good care, most people with type 2 diabetes can live a full and active life.

Yes, type 2 diabetes is very common. Millions of adults around the world have it, and the number is growing due to aging populations and lifestyle factors.

It mostly affects adults over 40, but it is also becoming more common in younger adults and even teenagers. People who are overweight or have a family history of diabetes are more at risk.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Feeling very thirsty and drinking more than usual
• Needing to urinate often, especially at night
• Feeling tired or fatigued
• Blurred vision
• Cuts or wounds that heal slowly
• Numbness or tingling in hands or feet

Symptoms in children

• Symptoms may be similar to adults: increased thirst and urination
• Bedwetting in a child who was previously dry at night
• Weight loss despite eating normally
• Extreme tiredness

Symptoms in older adults

• Symptoms may be less obvious, such as confusion or feeling very drowsy
• Increased thirst and urination may be less noticeable
• Weight loss or loss of appetite

Causes

Main causes

• Insulin resistance: your body's cells don't respond well to insulin, so sugar builds up in your blood
• Eventually, your pancreas cannot make enough insulin to keep blood sugar normal

Risk factors

• Being overweight or obese
• Having a family history of type 2 diabetes
• Being over 45 years old
• Having high blood pressure or high cholesterol
• Leading a sedentary lifestyle
• Having had gestational diabetes during pregnancy

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have emergency symptoms like severe confusion, rapid breathing, or loss of consciousness – call your local emergency number immediately
• If you feel extremely unwell with high or low blood sugar that won't improve

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have any of the common symptoms of diabetes
• If you are overweight and have one or more risk factors, ask your doctor about a blood test
• If you are over 40 and have not been tested recently

Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes is diagnosed with a simple blood test that measures your blood sugar level. Your doctor will usually ask about your symptoms and risk factors.

Tests that may be done

• Fasting blood sugar test – blood drawn after not eating for 8 hours
• HbA1c test – shows average blood sugar over the past 2 to 3 months
• Oral glucose tolerance test – you drink a sugary drink and blood sugar is checked over a few hours

What to expect at your appointment

The tests are simple and involve a blood draw from your arm. A small finger prick test may also be used. You may need to fast before some tests. Your doctor will explain the results and what they mean for you.

Treatment

Treatment focuses on keeping your blood sugar in a healthy range. This is usually done through a combination of healthy eating, regular physical activity, and sometimes medication. Your care plan will be tailored to your needs.

Self-care at home

• Eat a balanced diet rich in vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins
• Stay active – aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days
• Check your blood sugar regularly as your healthcare team advises
• Take care of your feet – inspect them daily and keep them clean and dry
• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol

Medical treatments

If lifestyle changes are not enough to control blood sugar, your doctor may prescribe medications. These can include tablets that help your body use insulin better or injections that help control blood sugar levels. Some people may eventually need insulin therapy. Your healthcare provider will discuss the best options for you. Always take medications as directed and do not change doses without talking to your doctor.

When is surgery considered?

For some people with severe obesity and type 2 diabetes, weight loss (bariatric) surgery may be considered as part of a broader treatment plan. This is not a first-line treatment and is only suitable for certain individuals after careful evaluation with a specialist team.

Living with this condition

Living with type 2 diabetes means making some daily choices to keep your blood sugar stable. This includes eating at regular times, checking your blood sugar as advised, and staying active. Most people adapt well and find a routine that works for them.

Lifestyle tips

• Follow a healthy eating plan that suits your tastes and culture
• Get regular exercise – walking, swimming, or cycling are great options
• Manage stress through relaxation techniques or hobbies
• Get enough sleep every night

Diet and exercise

A healthy diet for diabetes includes plenty of vegetables, fruits in moderation, whole grains, and lean proteins like chicken, fish, or beans. Limit sugary drinks and processed foods. Regular exercise helps your body use insulin better and can lower blood sugar. Aim for activities you enjoy so you can stick with them. Your doctor or a dietitian can give you personalized advice.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

It is normal to feel worried, frustrated, or sometimes overwhelmed by managing diabetes. These feelings can affect your motivation and self-care. Talk to your healthcare team if you are struggling – they can offer support and connect you with counseling or diabetes education programs. Remember, looking after your mental health is just as important as your physical health.

Prevention

You cannot always prevent type 2 diabetes, especially if you have a strong family history. However, for many people, healthy lifestyle changes can significantly lower the risk. Losing even a small amount of weight, eating well, and staying active can delay or prevent the onset of diabetes if you are at high risk.

Screening programmes

If you have risk factors such as being overweight or having a family history, your doctor may recommend a blood test to check your blood sugar levels. This can catch diabetes early or identify prediabetes – a warning sign that you may develop diabetes in the future.

Complications

If left untreated

• Heart disease and stroke
• Kidney disease that may lead to kidney failure
• Nerve damage, especially in the feet and legs, causing numbness or pain
• Eye problems, including vision loss and blindness
• Foot problems that can lead to infections and even amputation
• Skin infections and poor healing of wounds

Long-term outlook

With good management, most people with type 2 diabetes can lead long, healthy lives. Keeping blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol under control greatly reduces the risk of complications. It is never too late to make changes that improve your health. Your healthcare team is there to help you every step of the way.

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