Urinary Tract Infection in Pregnancy
Informed by recognized medical guidance
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or life-threatening, seek urgent medical care now.
Overview
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of your urinary system, such as your bladder, kidneys, or the tubes that carry urine. During pregnancy, changes in your body make it easier for bacteria to grow and cause an infection.
Key facts
- UTIs are more common during pregnancy because of hormonal changes and pressure from the growing baby.
- Even a mild UTI needs treatment in pregnancy to prevent it from spreading to the kidneys.
- Most UTIs in pregnancy can be treated safely with antibiotics that are safe for you and your baby.
- Drinking plenty of water and practising good hygiene can help reduce your risk.
Yes, urinary tract infections are relatively common during pregnancy. About 1 in 10 pregnant women will have a UTI at some point.
It affects pregnant women, especially during the second and third trimesters. Women who have had UTIs before or who are carrying more than one baby are at higher risk.
Symptoms
- High fever with chills or shaking
- Severe pain in your lower back or side (flank pain)
- Nausea and vomiting that prevents you from keeping fluids down
- Blood in your urine (pink, red, or cola-coloured)
- Pain that is getting worse quickly
- ⚠Pain or burning when urinating
- ⚠Frequent urination that is uncomfortable
- ⚠Fever above 38°C (101°F) without emergency signs
- ⚠Feeling generally unwell with urinary symptoms
Common symptoms
- A strong, persistent urge to urinate
- A burning sensation when urinating
- Passing frequent, small amounts of urine
- Urine that looks cloudy or has a strong smell
- Pain or discomfort in your lower belly (pelvis)
Symptoms in children
- Fever without a clear cause
- Fussiness or irritability
- Poor feeding or vomiting
- Strong-smelling urine
Symptoms in older adults
- Confusion or changes in mental state
- Fever or low body temperature
- Loss of appetite or weakness
- Urinary incontinence (leaking urine)
Causes
Main causes
- Bacteria (usually Escherichia coli from your bowel) entering the urinary tract through the urethra
- Hormonal changes in pregnancy that relax the tubes carrying urine, slowing urine flow
- Pressure from the growing uterus on the bladder, making it harder to empty completely
Risk factors
- Previous UTIs before pregnancy
- Having diabetes, especially if not well controlled
- Being pregnant with more than one baby (twins, triplets)
- Wiping from back to front after using the toilet (can spread bacteria)
- Not drinking enough fluids
- Using spermicides or diaphragm birth control before pregnancy
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- You have any symptoms like burning, frequent urination, or lower belly pain – contact your midwife or GP the same day
- You have a fever or chills along with urinary symptoms
- You see blood in your urine
Book a routine appointment if:
- If you have no symptoms but are being tested for a UTI as part of routine pregnancy care – your provider will advise on next steps
Diagnosis
Your healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms and likely test your urine. They may also press gently on your lower belly or back to check for pain.
Tests that may be done
- Urine dipstick test – a small strip dipped in your urine shows if infection-fighting cells or nitrites are present
- Urine culture – a sample is sent to a lab to see which bacteria are growing and which antibiotics might work
What to expect at your appointment
The tests are simple and painless. You will be asked to give a clean-catch urine sample (midstream urine). Results from a dipstick are ready in minutes; a culture takes 1–2 days. Your provider will start treatment while waiting if you have symptoms.
Treatment
UTIs in pregnancy are treated with antibiotics that are safe for you and your baby. Early treatment is important to stop the infection from spreading to your kidneys. Your doctor will choose the best antibiotic based on your history and the bacteria found.
Self-care at home
- Drink plenty of water (aim for 8–10 glasses a day) to help flush out bacteria
- Urinate as soon as you feel the urge – don't hold it in
- Wipe from front to back after using the toilet
- Empty your bladder fully each time you urinate
- Avoid using perfumed products or douches near your genital area
Medical treatments
Your doctor or midwife will prescribe a course of antibiotics that are considered safe in pregnancy. It is important to take the full course, even if you feel better. Do not stop early unless your provider tells you to. You may also be given a 'prevention antibiotic' to take daily if you have repeat infections.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is not used to treat UTIs. In very rare cases where a kidney infection causes a blockage, a procedure called a ureteric stent might be needed – your specialist will discuss this if necessary.
Living with this condition
Most UTIs clear up quickly with antibiotics and self-care. You can continue your normal daily activities, but rest if you feel unwell. Follow your provider's advice and complete the full treatment course.
Lifestyle tips
- Stay well hydrated throughout your pregnancy
- Empty your bladder after sexual intercourse
- Wear loose, cotton underwear to keep the area dry
- Take showers instead of baths to reduce bacteria exposure
Diet and exercise
A healthy balanced diet supports your immune system. Cranberry juice is sometimes recommended, but it should not replace treatment. Moderate exercise like walking is fine if you feel well.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Having a UTI during pregnancy can be stressful. You may worry about the infection affecting your baby. However, with proper treatment, risks are very low. Talk to your midwife if you feel anxious – they can offer reassurance and support.
Prevention
You cannot always prevent a UTI, but you can lower your risk with good habits: drinking enough water, urinating when you need to, wiping front to back, and emptying your bladder after sex.
Vaccines
Vaccines are not available for UTIs.
Screening programmes
In the UK, pregnant women are routinely offered a urine test at their first antenatal appointment and again later in pregnancy to check for a 'silent' UTI (one without symptoms). Treating these helps prevent complications.
Complications
If left untreated
- Kidney infection (pyelonephritis), which can cause high fever, chills, and severe back pain
- Preterm labour or low birth weight baby
- Increased risk of high blood pressure in pregnancy (pre-eclampsia)
Long-term outlook
With quick and appropriate treatment, nearly all pregnant women recover fully and have healthy babies. The outlook is excellent – your healthcare team will monitor you closely to ensure the infection clears.
Find support
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Related conditions
Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 16, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.
Guidance may differ by country or region. Confirm local recommendations with a qualified healthcare provider.