Varicose veins living in adults

Overview

Varicose veins are enlarged, swollen, and twisted veins that often appear blue or dark purple. They happen when the small valves inside your veins stop working properly, causing blood to pool. They most commonly occur in the legs and feet.

Yes, varicose veins are very common. About 1 in 3 adults in the UK have them at some point in their lives.

They can affect anyone, but are more common in women, older adults, people who are overweight, and those who have jobs that involve long periods of standing. Pregnancy and family history also increase your risk.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Visible, bulging, twisted veins – often blue or purple.
• Aching, heavy, or uncomfortable feeling in the legs.
• Swelling in the feet and ankles, especially after long periods of standing.
• Itching or burning around the veins.
• Cramping in the legs, particularly at night.

Symptoms in children

• Varicose veins are very rare in children. If they appear, they may be linked to an underlying condition and should be checked by a doctor.

Symptoms in older adults

• Symptoms may be more noticeable and include more persistent aching, swelling, and skin changes (like discolouration or thinning).
• Older adults are at higher risk of complications such as leg ulcers or blood clots.

Causes

Main causes

• Weak or damaged valves inside the veins that normally prevent blood from flowing backwards.
• Loss of elasticity in the vein walls as we age.

Risk factors

• Getting older.
• Being female (hormones, pregnancy, and menopause all play a role).
• Pregnancy – increased blood volume and pressure on leg veins.
• Family history of varicose veins.
• Being overweight or obese.
• Standing or sitting for long periods every day.
• Lack of physical activity.

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have sudden swelling, pain, or redness in your leg – especially if it's one leg only.
• If a varicose vein bleeds and you cannot stop it.
• If you develop a hard, painful, warm lump in a vein (may be a clot).

Book a routine appointment if:

• If your symptoms (aching, swelling) interfere with your daily activities.
• If you are concerned about the appearance of your veins.
• If you develop skin changes, like itching, discolouration, or a rash near the veins.
• To discuss treatment options, even if symptoms are mild.

Diagnosis

A doctor or nurse can often diagnose varicose veins just by looking at your legs while you are standing. They will also ask about your symptoms and family history.

Tests that may be done

• Doppler ultrasound – a simple, painless scan that uses sound waves to check the blood flow inside your veins and see if the valves are working properly.

What to expect at your appointment

The diagnosis is usually straightforward. You may be asked to stand up so the veins become more visible. The doctor may also feel your legs for signs of swelling or tenderness. If ultrasound is needed, it takes about 15–30 minutes and is done in a clinic.

Treatment

Treatment is mainly to relieve symptoms, prevent complications, and sometimes improve appearance. It ranges from simple self-care measures to medical procedures. You and your doctor can decide what is best for you based on your symptoms and preferences.

Self-care at home

• Keep moving – regular walking helps pump blood out of your legs.
• Elevate your legs whenever you can, especially after long periods of standing or sitting.
• Wear compression stockings if recommended by a doctor – they help squeeze your legs and improve blood flow.
• Avoid standing or sitting still for long periods; take breaks to move.
• Maintain a healthy weight to reduce pressure on your veins.
• Avoid tight clothing around your waist, groin, or legs.

Medical treatments

If self-care is not enough, a doctor may suggest treatments such as endovenous ablation (using heat or laser to seal the vein), sclerotherapy (injecting a solution to close the vein), or foam sclerotherapy. These are usually done as outpatient procedures under local anaesthetic. Another option is phlebectomy (removing the vein through small cuts). Your doctor will explain which might suit you. Do not use any over-the-counter creams or remedies without checking with your doctor first.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery (such as vein stripping or ligation) is less common nowadays because less invasive procedures work well. It may still be an option for very large or complex varicose veins when other treatments have not helped. Your specialist will discuss this if needed.

Living with this condition

Varicose veins can be managed well with attention to daily habits. Most people lead a completely normal life. Simple adjustments like taking short walks, putting your feet up, and wearing compression stockings can make a big difference.

Lifestyle tips

• Walk or do other leg exercises every day to help your circulation.
• Take regular breaks to stand up and stretch if you have a desk job.
• If you stand a lot at work, shift your weight from foot to foot and take sitting breaks.
• Elevate your legs when resting – ideally above the level of your heart.
• Wear loose, comfortable clothing and avoid high heels for long periods.

Diet and exercise

A balanced diet rich in fibre (fruits, vegetables, whole grains) helps maintain a healthy weight and prevent constipation, which can aggravate vein problems. Drinking plenty of water is also good. Low-impact exercises like walking, swimming, cycling, and yoga are excellent choices because they strengthen your calf muscles and improve circulation without straining your veins.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Varicose veins can sometimes make people feel self-conscious about the appearance of their legs. If this bothers you, talk to your doctor – treatments can improve both symptoms and appearance. It is normal to feel frustrated by discomfort, but most people find that lifestyle changes and treatment help a lot. If you feel anxious or depressed, speak to your GP or a mental health professional.

Prevention

You cannot fully prevent varicose veins, especially if you have a strong family history. However, you can reduce your risk and stop them from getting worse by exercising regularly, maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding long periods of standing or sitting, and wearing compression stockings if recommended.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening for varicose veins. If you have concerns, see your doctor for a check-up.

Complications

If left untreated

• Skin changes – thinning, dryness, and discolouration near the affected veins.
• Leg ulcers – open sores that can be difficult to heal.
• Blood clots – superficial (surface) clots cause painful inflammation; deep clots are more serious and need urgent care.
• Bleeding – a varicose vein near the skin can sometimes burst and bleed.

Long-term outlook

With proper care, the outlook for people with varicose veins is very good. Symptoms can be controlled, and complications are uncommon. Most treatments are safe and effective, and they can greatly improve your quality of life. While varicose veins may return over time, ongoing self-care can help keep them under control.

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