Varicose veins living patient overview

Overview

Varicose veins are swollen, twisted veins that appear just under the skin, usually on the legs. They happen when the valves inside the veins weaken, causing blood to pool and the vein to enlarge.

Yes, varicose veins are very common, especially as people age.

They affect both men and women, but are more common in women, people who are overweight, have a family history, or stand or sit for long periods.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Aching, heavy, or tired legs
• Swelling in the feet and ankles
• Burning, throbbing, or cramping in the legs
• Itching around the veins
• Visible bulging, blue or purple veins

Symptoms in older adults

• Symptoms may become more noticeable with age
• Skin changes like dryness, thinning, or discoloration around the ankles
• Increased risk of leg ulcers or bleeding

Causes

Main causes

• Weakened or damaged valves in the veins that allow blood to flow backward and pool
• Increased pressure in the veins from standing or sitting for long periods
• Natural aging process that weakens vein walls

Risk factors

• Age (over 40)
• Being female
• Pregnancy
• Family history of varicose veins
• Obesity
• Jobs that require prolonged standing or sitting
• Lack of exercise

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have symptoms of a blood clot mentioned above
• If a varicose vein bursts and bleeds
• If you develop an ulcer or signs of infection

Book a routine appointment if:

• If your veins are causing discomfort or affecting your quality of life
• If you are concerned about the appearance of your veins
• Before considering any treatment options

Diagnosis

Your doctor will usually diagnose varicose veins by looking at your legs and asking about your symptoms. They may also feel your veins and check for swelling.

Tests that may be done

• Ultrasound – a painless test that uses sound waves to check blood flow and valve function in the veins

What to expect at your appointment

The doctor will examine your legs while you stand and lie down. They may also ask about your medical history and any risk factors. If an ultrasound is needed, it is quick and painless.

Treatment

Treatment for varicose veins aims to relieve symptoms, prevent complications, and improve appearance. Options range from self-care to medical procedures. Always discuss with your healthcare provider.

Self-care at home

• Elevate your legs when resting
• Avoid standing or sitting for long periods – move around every 30 minutes
• Wear compression stockings (ask your doctor or pharmacist for advice)
• Exercise regularly to improve circulation
• Maintain a healthy weight

Medical treatments

Medical treatments include procedures that close off the affected vein so blood can reroute through healthy veins. These include laser treatments, radiofrequency ablation, and sclerotherapy (injecting a solution). In some cases, surgery like vein stripping may be considered. Your doctor will explain the options and risks.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is usually reserved for large, severe varicose veins that cause significant symptoms or complications, when other treatments have not worked.

Living with this condition

Living with varicose veins often involves simple daily habits to reduce discomfort. Many people manage well with self-care and occasional check-ups.

Lifestyle tips

• Walk or exercise daily to boost circulation
• Avoid tight clothing that restricts the waist or legs
• Elevate your legs above heart level for 15-20 minutes several times a day
• Wear compression stockings if recommended

Diet and exercise

A balanced diet with plenty of fiber can prevent constipation, which can worsen vein pressure. Regular exercise like walking, swimming, or cycling helps blood flow. Avoid heavy lifting unless guided by a professional.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Varicose veins can affect self-esteem and body image, especially if they are visible. It is normal to feel self-conscious. Talking to a counselor or support group may help.

Prevention

While varicose veins cannot always be prevented, you can reduce your risk by maintaining a healthy weight, staying active, avoiding long periods of standing or sitting, and wearing compression stockings if you are at high risk.

Complications

If left untreated

• Skin changes like discoloration, dryness, and itching
• Leg ulcers (open sores) that can be slow to heal
• Bleeding from a varicose vein
• Blood clots (superficial thrombophlebitis) or deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in rare cases

Long-term outlook

For most people, varicose veins are a manageable condition. With proper care, symptoms can be controlled and complications are uncommon. Treatments are safe and effective when needed.

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