Vomiting

Overview

Vomiting is when the stomach forcefully empties its contents through the mouth. It is a reflex that the body uses to get rid of something harmful or irritating. Vomiting is not a disease itself but a symptom of many conditions.

Yes, vomiting is very common. Most people experience it a few times in their life, especially from stomach bugs or motion sickness.

Vomiting can affect anyone, but it is more common in children, people with weakened immune systems, and those who travel frequently.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Forceful emptying of the stomach contents
• Nausea (feeling like you need to be sick)
• Dry heaving (retching) without bringing anything up
• Stomach pain or cramps
• Feeling dizzy or lightheaded

Symptoms in children

• Refusal to eat or drink
• Crying more than usual
• Dry mouth and crying without tears
• Unusual tiredness or irritability
• Fewer wet nappies (diapers) than usual

Symptoms in older adults

• Severe weakness or confusion
• Inability to keep any fluids down
• Signs of dehydration like dry mouth, sunken eyes, or low blood pressure
• Rapid heart rate

Causes

Main causes

• Viral or bacterial infections (like gastroenteritis, also called stomach flu)
• Food poisoning
• Motion sickness or dizziness
• Migraine headaches
• Pregnancy (morning sickness)
• Side effects of some medical treatments (like chemotherapy)

Risk factors

• Weakened immune system
• Travelling to areas with poor sanitation
• Eating undercooked or contaminated food
• Taking certain medications that can upset the stomach
• High levels of stress or anxiety

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have any emergency symptoms (see above)
• If you are unable to keep down any fluids for more than 24 hours
• If you have severe stomach pain or headache
• If you are pregnant and can't keep any food or water down

Book a routine appointment if:

• If vomiting lasts more than a few days without signs of improvement
• If you are losing weight without trying
• If you have a history of health conditions like diabetes or kidney disease
• If you are worried about a pattern of vomiting that keeps happening

Diagnosis

A doctor will ask about your symptoms, how long you have been vomiting, and any other signs like fever or pain. They may do a physical exam to check for signs of dehydration or other causes.

Tests that may be done

• Blood tests to check for infection or electrolyte imbalances
• Urine test to see if you are dehydrated
• Stool test if food poisoning or infection is suspected
• Imaging tests like an ultrasound or CT scan if there is concern about a bowel blockage

What to expect at your appointment

The doctor will ask you to describe your symptoms and may feel your abdomen. You might have a blood or urine test. If the cause is clear, you may not need any further tests. In most cases, no special equipment is needed.

Treatment

Treatment for vomiting depends on the underlying cause. The main goal is to prevent dehydration and allow the stomach to rest. Most people get better with simple home care.

Self-care at home

• Rest your stomach by waiting an hour after vomiting before trying to eat or drink
• Then take small sips of clear fluids like water or a rehydration drink (available from pharmacies)
• Avoid solid foods until you feel better; start with bland foods like crackers or rice
• Avoid spicy, greasy, or heavy foods for a day or two
• Use oral rehydration solution (ORS) if available, especially for children

Medical treatments

If vomiting is severe or prolonged, a doctor may prescribe medications that help stop vomiting (these are called antiemetics). They work on the brain or stomach to reduce the urge to vomit. Doctors may also give fluids through a drip if you are very dehydrated. Always follow your doctor's advice and do not use over-the-counter antiemetics without checking with a pharmacist, especially for children.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is rarely needed for vomiting itself. It may be required if the cause is a bowel blockage, a twisting of the intestine, or a severe injury to the stomach or esophagus. Your doctor will discuss this if needed.

Living with this condition

If you have a chronic condition that causes vomiting (like cyclical vomiting syndrome or gastroparesis), learn to recognize early signs and have a plan with your doctor. Keep small amounts of clear fluids nearby and rest when symptoms start.

Lifestyle tips

• Eat small, frequent meals instead of large ones
• Avoid strong smells that trigger nausea
• Get fresh air when feeling nauseous
• Practice relaxation techniques like deep breathing
• Stay hydrated between episodes

Diet and exercise

During a vomiting episode, stick to bland foods and clear liquids. Gradually return to your normal diet as you feel better. Gentle exercise like walking may help overall digestion, but rest when you are unwell.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Frequent vomiting can cause worry, embarrassment, or stress. Some people develop a fear of eating or social situations. It is normal to feel anxious, but talking to your doctor or a counsellor can help.

Prevention

Not all vomiting can be prevented, but you can lower your risk by washing hands often, cooking food thoroughly, avoiding close contact with sick people, and staying up to date with vaccinations.

Vaccines

There is a vaccine for rotavirus, a common cause of vomiting in infants. It is given as part of the childhood immunisation schedule. Ask your doctor for details.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening for vomiting. However, if you have a condition that causes frequent vomiting (like gastroparesis), your doctor may do regular check-ups to monitor your health.

Complications

If left untreated

• Dehydration (lack of enough water in the body)
• Electrolyte imbalances (minerals in the blood get out of balance)
• Damage to the esophagus (the tube from mouth to stomach) from repeated vomiting
• Malnutrition (not getting enough nutrients) if vomiting lasts a long time

Long-term outlook

With proper care, most people recover fully from vomiting within a few days. Even when vomiting is caused by a chronic condition, it can often be managed well with lifestyle changes and medical support. Your healthcare team can help you stay healthy and reduce the impact on your life.

Find support

International organisations

• World Gastroenterology Organisation ↗

Local organisations

• NHS (UK) - Vomiting ↗ · United Kingdom

Helplines

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