What DEXA scan looks for
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
A DEXA scan (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) is a quick, painless test that measures bone density. It helps healthcare providers check if your bones are becoming thin and weak, a condition called osteoporosis. The scan compares your bone density to that of a healthy young adult to estimate your risk of breaking a bone.
Key facts
- DEXA is the most common test to diagnose osteoporosis.
- It uses very low doses of radiation, less than a chest X-ray.
- The scan usually takes 10 to 20 minutes and does not require any preparation.
Yes, DEXA scans are widely used, especially for people over 50 and those with risk factors for bone loss. Osteoporosis affects about 1 in 3 women and 1 in 5 men over 50 worldwide.
DEXA scans are recommended for postmenopausal women, men over 70, people with a family history of osteoporosis, those taking certain medications (like steroids), and anyone who has broken a bone easily.
Symptoms
- Sudden severe back pain that could be from a spinal fracture
- Inability to move after a fall
- Signs of a broken hip or wrist after a minor injury
- ⚠You have a fall and feel sudden, sharp pain in your back, hip, or wrist
- ⚠You notice a sudden loss of height or a curve in your spine
Common symptoms
- Osteoporosis usually has no symptoms until a bone breaks. The DEXA scan can detect bone loss long before a fracture occurs.
Symptoms in children
- Bone density scans are rarely needed in children. If used, it’s usually for children with chronic conditions or long-term steroid use.
Symptoms in older adults
- Older adults may notice height loss, a stooped posture, or back pain caused by a spinal fracture. A DEXA scan can check for bone weakness that leads to these changes.
Causes
Main causes
- A DEXA scan looks for low bone density, which happens when bone breakdown outpaces new bone formation. Common causes include aging, hormonal changes (especially lower estrogen after menopause), and certain medical conditions.
Risk factors
- Being female and over 50
- Family history of osteoporosis
- Low body weight or small frame
- Smoking or heavy alcohol use
- Long-term use of medications like corticosteroids
- Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease, or overactive thyroid
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- If you have sudden, severe back pain after a minor fall or even a cough or sneeze
- If you are unable to put weight on a limb after a fall
Book a routine appointment if:
- Women aged 65 and older should talk to their doctor about getting a DEXA scan
- Men aged 70 and older
- Anyone with one or more risk factors for osteoporosis
- If you have broken a bone after a minor bump or fall
Diagnosis
A DEXA scan is the main test used to diagnose low bone density. Your doctor will refer you for the scan based on your age, risk factors, or a previous fracture.
Tests that may be done
- DEXA scan of the hip and spine
- Sometimes a scan of the forearm or heel
- Blood or urine tests may be done to rule out other causes of bone loss
What to expect at your appointment
You lie fully clothed (without metal items) on a padded table. A scanner arm passes over your body. It is painless and does not require any special preparation. You should avoid taking calcium supplements for 24 hours before the scan. The results come as a T-score: a score of -1.0 or above is normal, -1.0 to -2.5 indicates osteopenia (mild bone thinning), and -2.5 or lower means osteoporosis.
Treatment
Treatment for low bone density focuses on slowing bone loss, preventing fractures, and building bone strength. Your doctor will recommend a plan based on your age, overall health, and scan results.
Self-care at home
- Get enough calcium and vitamin D from food or supplements
- Do weight-bearing exercises like walking, dancing, or climbing stairs
- Do muscle-strengthening exercises twice a week
- Avoid smoking and limit alcohol intake
Medical treatments
If your bone density is very low or you have had a fracture, your doctor may prescribe medications that help slow bone loss or build new bone. These include bisphosphonates, hormone-related therapies, and other drugs that reduce fracture risk. Always take them exactly as prescribed and discuss any side effects with your doctor.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is not used for low bone density itself, but it may be needed to repair a broken hip or spine. For spinal fractures, a procedure called vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty can sometimes stabilize the bone.
Living with this condition
Living with low bone density means taking extra care to prevent falls. Keep your home well-lit, remove loose rugs, and wear supportive shoes. Avoid heavy lifting or sudden twisting movements.
Lifestyle tips
- Stay active safely with balance exercises like tai chi or yoga
- Get regular sunlight or take vitamin D as advised
- Have your vision checked regularly to reduce fall risk
- Talk to your doctor about medications that may affect balance
Diet and exercise
Eat a balanced diet rich in calcium (dairy, leafy greens, fortified foods) and vitamin D (fatty fish, eggs, fortified milk). Aim for at least 30 minutes of weight-bearing activity most days, like brisk walking or jogging.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Worrying about fractures can be stressful. Many people feel anxious after a diagnosis. It helps to talk to your doctor about your fears and to connect with family or support groups.
Prevention
You can reduce your risk of osteoporosis by building strong bones early in life and maintaining bone health as you age. A healthy lifestyle with enough calcium, vitamin D, and exercise is key.
Screening programmes
Routine DEXA screening is not needed for everyone. Your doctor will recommend a scan based on your age and risk factors. The UK NHS offers DEXA scans to women over 65 and men over 75, and to younger people with risk factors.
Complications
If left untreated
- Osteoporosis can lead to fractures of the hip, spine, or wrist after minor falls or even without a fall
- Spinal fractures can cause height loss, chronic back pain, and a curved spine (kyphosis)
- Hip fractures often require surgery and can affect your ability to walk independently
Long-term outlook
With early detection and proper treatment, most people can prevent further bone loss and avoid fractures. Even after a fracture, many people recover well and maintain an active life. Your DEXA scan results help guide your care so you can stay strong and independent.
Find support
Local organisations
- Royal Osteoporosis Society · UK
- International Osteoporosis Foundation · Global
External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.
Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Related conditions
Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 19, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.