Hepatitis C blood test

Overview

Hepatitis C is a virus that infects your liver. A blood test can tell if you have the virus. Many people don't know they have it because they feel fine.

It is less common than some other viruses, but millions of people worldwide have it. It is more common in some groups, such as people who inject drugs.

Anyone can get Hepatitis C. It is more common in people who have had blood transfusions before widespread screening, people who inject drugs, and healthcare workers with needlestick injuries.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Many people have no symptoms at all.
• Fatigue
• Mild fever
• Nausea or poor appetite
• Abdominal pain
• Dark urine
• Yellowish skin or eyes (jaundice)

Symptoms in children

• Often no symptoms.
• Mild fatigue or jaundice if present.

Symptoms in older adults

• Symptoms can be more severe.
• Higher risk of liver damage over time.

Causes

Main causes

• Hepatitis C virus spreads through blood-to-blood contact.

Risk factors

• Using or sharing needles for injecting drugs
• Receiving a blood transfusion before 1992 (depending on region)
• Needlestick injury in healthcare settings
• Unsterile medical or tattoo equipment
• Sharing personal items like razors or toothbrushes with someone who has Hepatitis C
• Being born to a mother with Hepatitis C

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have jaundice (yellow skin or eyes)
• If you have severe fatigue or abdominal pain that does not improve

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you think you might have been exposed to Hepatitis C
• If you belong to a higher-risk group (e.g., people who inject drugs, healthcare workers)
• If you have had a blood transfusion before screening was available

Diagnosis

A blood test is used to diagnose Hepatitis C. The first test looks for antibodies (proteins your body makes to fight the virus). If positive, a second test checks for the virus itself.

Tests that may be done

• Antibody test (anti-HCV)
• PCR test (nucleic acid test) to confirm active virus

What to expect at your appointment

A healthcare worker will take a small sample of blood from your arm. Results usually come back within a few days. If the antibody test is positive, you will need the second test to see if you have an active infection. Your doctor will guide you through the next steps.

Treatment

Hepatitis C can be cured. Treatment usually involves taking oral antiviral medication for 8 to 12 weeks. Most people are cured after one course.

Self-care at home

• Avoid alcohol to protect your liver.
• Eat a healthy diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables.
• Get vaccinated for Hepatitis A and B if recommended.
• Talk to your doctor before taking any new medicines, including over-the-counter ones.

Medical treatments

Treatment uses antiviral pills that target the virus. Medications are taken once or twice a day for several weeks. They are very safe and effective, with few side effects. Your doctor will choose the right treatment based on your health and virus type. Do not share needles or other personal items.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not a treatment for Hepatitis C itself. In rare cases, if the liver is severely damaged, a liver transplant may be considered.

Living with this condition

Many people with Hepatitis C live full, active lives. With successful treatment, the virus is eliminated from your body. During treatment, you may need regular check-ups.

Lifestyle tips

• Avoid alcohol completely.
• Do not share razors, toothbrushes, or nail clippers.
• Cover cuts and wounds with a bandage.
• If you inject drugs, use new sterile needles each time and never share equipment.

Diet and exercise

A balanced diet supports liver health. Include whole grains, lean protein, and plenty of fruits and vegetables. Stay active with regular exercise like walking or swimming, but rest if you feel tired.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Receiving a Hepatitis C diagnosis can be stressful. You may feel worried or anxious. It is important to talk about your feelings with a trusted friend, family member, or healthcare provider. Many people find support groups helpful.

Prevention

Yes. Hepatitis C can be prevented by avoiding blood-to-blood contact. Do not share needles, razors, or toothbrushes. Use sterile equipment for tattoos and piercings. Healthcare workers should follow safety guidelines.

Vaccines

There is no vaccine for Hepatitis C. However, vaccines for Hepatitis A and B are available and recommended for people with Hepatitis C.

Screening programmes

Screening is recommended for people at higher risk. Ask your doctor if you should be tested.

Complications

If left untreated

• Chronic liver disease (cirrhosis) – scarring of the liver
• Liver cancer
• Liver failure

Long-term outlook

With today's treatments, more than 95% of people with Hepatitis C are cured. Early detection and treatment prevent liver damage. Most people go on to live healthy lives. If you think you may be at risk, getting tested is a positive step.

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