Understanding bone density results

Overview

A bone density test measures how strong your bones are. It uses a special X-ray (called a DEXA scan) to see how much calcium and other minerals are in your bones. The result is given as a T-score, which compares your bone density to that of a healthy young adult. A lower T-score means your bones are thinner and more likely to break.

Yes, bone density loss is very common as people age. About 1 in 2 women and 1 in 4 men over age 50 will break a bone because of osteoporosis.

It mainly affects women after menopause, but men and younger people with certain health conditions can also have low bone density.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Bone density loss itself has no symptoms until a bone breaks.

Symptoms in children

• In children, low bone density may not cause obvious symptoms, but it might be linked to other health problems.

Symptoms in older adults

• In older adults, the first sign is often a fracture from a minor fall or bump.
• Height loss or a curved spine (dowager’s hump) can also be a sign of vertebral fractures.

Causes

Main causes

• Natural bone loss as you age (especially after menopause in women).
• Low levels of sex hormones (oestrogen or testosterone).
• Not getting enough calcium or vitamin D in your diet.

Risk factors

• Family history of osteoporosis or broken bones.
• Smoking or heavy alcohol use.

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have broken a bone from a minor fall or bump, see your doctor or go to an urgent care centre.

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you are a woman over 65, or a man over 70, ask your doctor about a bone density test.
• If you have risk factors for osteoporosis, speak to your doctor at your next check-up.

Diagnosis

A bone density test is done using a special X-ray called a DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) scan. It measures the density of your bones, usually in your hip and spine.

Tests that may be done

• DEXA scan (the main test).
• FRAX score (a calculator that estimates your risk of breaking a bone in the next 10 years).

What to expect at your appointment

You lie on a padded table while a scanner passes over you. It is painless and takes about 15–30 minutes. You do not need to undress fully, but avoid metal items like zippers or jewellery.

Treatment

Treatment aims to slow bone loss, strengthen bones, and prevent fractures. Your doctor will recommend a plan based on your age, T-score, and overall health.

Self-care at home

• Get enough calcium and vitamin D (ask your doctor what amounts are right for you).
• Do weight-bearing exercises like walking, dancing, or climbing stairs.
• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol to no more than 2–3 drinks per week.

Medical treatments

If your T-score is very low or you have already broken a bone, your doctor may prescribe medications that help strengthen your bones. These are usually taken as a pill or injection. Always discuss the benefits and risks with your healthcare provider.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not for treating low bone density itself, but for fixing broken bones – for example, hip fracture repair or spinal surgery for vertebral fractures.

Living with this condition

Living with low bone density means taking care to prevent falls. Keep your home clutter-free, use non-slip mats, and wear sturdy shoes. Consider exercises that improve balance, like tai chi.

Lifestyle tips

• Eat a calcium-rich diet (dairy, leafy greens, fortified foods).
• Get 15–20 minutes of sunlight most days for vitamin D (or take a supplement if advised).
• Do strengthening exercises at least twice a week.

Diet and exercise

Aim for 1000–1200 mg of calcium per day from food and if needed supplements. Include weight-bearing activity like brisk walking for 30 minutes most days. Avoid high-impact exercises if you have had a fracture.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

It is normal to feel worried about fractures or becoming less active. But taking positive steps to strengthen your bones can help you feel in control. If anxiety affects your daily life, talk to your doctor or a counsellor.

Prevention

You cannot always prevent bone density loss, especially with age, but you can lower your risk by eating well, staying active, avoiding smoking, and limiting alcohol. If you are at higher risk, your doctor may recommend calcium and vitamin D supplements or medications.

Screening programmes

Screening (a bone density test) is recommended for women over 65 and for younger adults with risk factors. Talk to your doctor about when you should start.

Complications

If left untreated

• Broken bones (especially hip, wrist, and spine) that can cause long-term pain and loss of mobility.
• Loss of height and a curved spine from collapsed vertebrae.
• Increased risk of further fractures once you have had one.

Long-term outlook

With proper treatment, most people can slow bone loss and reduce their risk of fractures. While you cannot reverse all bone loss, you can take steps to stay strong and active. Many people with low bone density live full, independent lives.

Find support

International organisations

• International Osteoporosis Foundation ↗

Local organisations

• Royal Osteoporosis Society (UK) ↗ · United Kingdom

Helplines

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