varicose veins result meanings for patients

Overview

Varicose veins are swollen, twisted veins that you can see just under the surface of the skin. They most often appear in the legs. They happen when the tiny valves inside your veins stop working properly, causing blood to pool and the vein to bulge.

Yes, varicose veins are very common. About 1 in 3 adults have them, and they become more common as you get older.

Varicose veins can affect anyone, but they are more common in women, people over 50, and those who have a family history of the condition. Pregnancy, being overweight, and jobs that require standing for long periods also increase your risk.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Visible swollen, twisted veins that are blue or dark purple.
• Aching, heavy, or uncomfortable feeling in the legs.
• Swelling in the feet and ankles.
• Itching or burning around the veins.
• Cramping in the legs at night.

Symptoms in children

• Varicose veins are rare in children and usually not a cause for concern unless they are linked to a deeper vein problem.

Symptoms in older adults

• Varicose veins become more common with age.
• Symptoms may be more noticeable, such as leg pain, swelling, and skin changes.
• In older adults, varicose veins can sometimes lead to skin ulcers (open sores) on the legs.

Causes

Main causes

• Weak or damaged valves inside the veins that allow blood to flow backward and pool.
• Weak walls of the veins that stretch and lose their elasticity.

Risk factors

• Age: the risk increases as you get older.
• Being female: hormonal changes can relax vein walls.
• Pregnancy: increased blood volume and pressure on leg veins.
• Family history: varicose veins often run in families.
• Obesity: extra weight puts pressure on leg veins.
• Standing or sitting for long periods without moving.
• Lack of movement or physical activity.

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have sudden swelling, redness, or pain in one leg.
• If a varicose vein bleeds and doesn't stop.
• If you develop a fever and your leg feels hot or tender.

Book a routine appointment if:

• If your varicose veins are causing you discomfort or pain.
• If the veins are getting larger or more noticeable.
• If you have skin changes, such as redness, rashes, or sores near the veins.
• If the veins affect your daily activities or make you self-conscious.

Diagnosis

Your doctor will first ask about your symptoms and examine your legs while you are standing. They will look for swelling, skin changes, and feel for the veins. A simple ultrasound test is often used to see how well your vein valves are working and to check for blood clots.

Tests that may be done

• Physical exam: your doctor inspects your legs and asks about your symptoms.
• Ultrasound or duplex ultrasound: a painless scan that uses sound waves to create images of your veins and check blood flow.
• In some cases, a venogram (X-ray with dye) may be done, but this is rare.

What to expect at your appointment

The diagnosis is usually straightforward. Your doctor will explain what they find and recommend next steps if needed. The tests are painless and non-invasive.

Treatment

Treatment for varicose veins depends on your symptoms and how much they bother you. Many people do not need any treatment. If your symptoms are mild, self-care may be enough. For more bothersome veins, medical treatments can close or remove them.

Self-care at home

• Wear compression stockings (elastic stockings that squeeze your legs to help blood flow).
• Elevate your legs when resting, above the level of your heart if possible.
• Exercise regularly to improve blood flow, such as walking.
• Move and change position often – avoid standing or sitting for long periods.
• Maintain a healthy weight to reduce pressure on your leg veins.

Medical treatments

Medical treatments for varicose veins include minimally invasive procedures that close off the affected vein, such as laser treatment, radiofrequency ablation, or sclerotherapy (injecting a solution to seal the vein). These are done in a clinic and you can usually go home the same day. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the vein. Your doctor will discuss which option is best for you, based on the size and location of the veins and your overall health.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery for varicose veins is less common now because of less invasive options. It may be recommended if a vein is very large, if other treatments have not worked, or if there are complications like skin ulcers.

Living with this condition

Living with varicose veins can be managed with simple habits. Wear compression stockings if your doctor recommends them. Take breaks to move and stretch your legs. Elevate your legs whenever you can, especially after long periods of standing or sitting. These steps can help reduce discomfort and prevent the veins from getting worse.

Lifestyle tips

• Stay active: walk, swim, or do leg exercises daily.
• Avoid sitting or standing still for more than an hour at a time.
• When sitting, do not cross your legs – keep them uncrossed to improve blood flow.
• Wear comfortable, non-restrictive clothing and avoid high heels for long periods.
• Put your feet up when you relax.

Diet and exercise

Eat a balanced diet rich in fibre and low in salt to help prevent swelling and constipation (which can strain veins). Include plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Drinking enough water also helps. Regular exercise, especially walking, cycling, or swimming, keeps blood moving in your legs.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Varicose veins can affect how you feel about your appearance and may cause self-consciousness. It is normal to have these feelings. Talking to your doctor about treatment options can help. If you feel anxious or depressed, reach out to a trusted friend, family member, or mental health professional. Your local health service may offer support groups or counselling.

Prevention

You cannot always prevent varicose veins, especially if you have a family history. However, you can reduce your risk by staying active, maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding long periods of standing or sitting, and elevating your legs when you can. Wearing compression stockings during pregnancy may also help.

Vaccines

There are no vaccines for varicose veins.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening test for varicose veins. They are usually found during a physical exam. If you have risk factors or symptoms, talk to your doctor.

Complications

If left untreated

• Blood clots in the superficial veins (superficial thrombophlebitis), causing pain and redness.
• Skin changes, such as dermatitis, thinning skin, or hardening.
• Open sores (venous leg ulcers) on the skin near the ankle, which can be slow to heal.
• Bleeding from a varicose vein if it gets injured.
• In rare cases, a deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which is a blood clot in a deep vein.

Long-term outlook

For most people, varicose veins are not a serious health problem and do not cause long‑term issues. With self‑care and treatment, symptoms can be well managed. Complications are uncommon and can often be treated. The outlook is generally very good.

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Local organisations

• Your local health service or GP surgery · International

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