varicose veins specialist tests overview
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Varicose veins are swollen, twisted veins that you can see just under the skin. They usually happen in the legs and can look blue or dark purple.
Key facts
- Varicose veins are very common, especially in women.
- They happen when the tiny valves inside veins stop working properly, causing blood to pool.
- Specialist tests like ultrasound can help diagnose the cause and guide treatment.
Yes, varicose veins are very common. About 1 in 4 adults may have them.
Anyone can get varicose veins, but they are more common in women, older people, and those who stand or sit for long periods.
Symptoms
- Sudden, painful swelling in one leg (could be a blood clot – deep vein thrombosis)
- A vein that bursts and causes heavy bleeding
- Sudden difficulty breathing or chest pain (could be a pulmonary embolism)
- ⚠A sore or ulcer (open wound) on the leg that is not healing
- ⚠Red, hot, or tender skin around a varicose vein (may be an infection or superficial blood clot)
- ⚠Bleeding from a varicose vein that does not stop with pressure
Common symptoms
- Visible swollen, twisted veins on the legs
- Aching, heavy, or tired legs
- Mild swelling of the ankles and feet
- Itching or burning around the veins
- Muscle cramps, especially at night
Symptoms in children
- Varicose veins are rare in children. If they appear, it may be due to a genetic condition or an injury.
Symptoms in older adults
- Varicose veins are more common in older adults. Skin changes like thinning or discoloration may also occur.
Causes
Main causes
- Weak or damaged valves inside the veins that allow blood to flow backward and pool
- Increased pressure in the veins, often from prolonged standing or sitting
Risk factors
- Being older
- Being female (hormonal changes during pregnancy, menopause)
- Pregnancy
- Obesity
- Family history of varicose veins
- Jobs that require long periods of standing or sitting
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- Bleeding from a varicose vein that does not stop
- Sudden, severe pain, swelling, or redness in one leg
- Signs of infection like fever and red, hot skin around a vein
Book a routine appointment if:
- If your varicose veins cause persistent pain, heaviness, or swelling
- If you develop skin ulcers or rashes near the veins
- If you are concerned about how your veins look
Diagnosis
A doctor can often diagnose varicose veins by looking at your legs while you stand. They may order a special ultrasound to check the veins deeper inside and see how blood is flowing.
Tests that may be done
- Physical exam: The doctor examines your legs while you stand and may feel for tender areas.
- Duplex ultrasound: A painless test that uses sound waves to create a picture of your veins and check the direction of blood flow.
- Venogram: An X-ray test where dye is injected into a vein to see if valves are working. This is rarely needed now because ultrasound is so good.
What to expect at your appointment
During an ultrasound, you will lie down or stand while a small handheld device (transducer) is moved over your leg. There is no pain, and the test takes about 30 minutes. The results help your specialist decide the best treatment for you.
Treatment
Treatment for varicose veins aims to relieve symptoms, prevent complications, and improve appearance. Not all varicose veins need treatment. Options range from lifestyle changes to medical procedures.
Self-care at home
- Wear compression stockings to improve blood flow and reduce swelling
- Elevate your legs when resting to help blood drain
- Move regularly – avoid sitting or standing still for long periods
- Exercise to strengthen calf muscles and improve circulation
Medical treatments
Medical treatments include minimally invasive procedures such as laser or radiofrequency ablation (using heat to seal the vein), sclerotherapy (injecting a solution to close the vein), or phlebectomy (removing the vein through small cuts). These are done by a specialist and can be done in a clinic with local anaesthetic.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery (called ligation and stripping) is now less common but may be recommended for very large or complicated varicose veins, or if other treatments have not worked.
Living with this condition
Most people with varicose veins can live a normal life. Simple measures like wearing compression stockings, taking breaks to move, and elevating your legs can help manage symptoms.
Lifestyle tips
- Maintain a healthy weight to reduce pressure on your veins
- Avoid tight clothing that restricts blood flow
- When sitting, avoid crossing your legs for long periods
- Try to elevate your legs for 15 minutes several times a day
Diet and exercise
A diet rich in fibre and low in salt can help prevent constipation and swelling. Gentle exercise like walking, swimming, or cycling improves circulation, especially in your legs.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Some people feel self-conscious about the appearance of varicose veins. If it bothers you, talk to your doctor about treatment options. You are not alone – many people have them.
Prevention
There is no sure way to prevent varicose veins, but you can reduce your risk by keeping a healthy weight, moving regularly, and avoiding long periods of standing or sitting.
Screening programmes
There is no routine screening for varicose veins. See your doctor if you have symptoms or concerns.
Complications
If left untreated
- Skin ulcers (sores) that are slow to heal
- Bleeding from a varicose vein
- Superficial blood clots (thrombophlebitis) – tender, red, hot skin
- Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) – a blood clot in a deep vein, which is more serious
- Skin discoloration and hardening
Long-term outlook
For most people, varicose veins do not cause serious problems. With proper care and, if needed, treatment, symptoms can be well managed, and complications are rare.
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
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Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 16, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.
Guidance may differ by country or region. Confirm local recommendations with a qualified healthcare provider.