acne risk reduction
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Acne is a common skin condition that happens when hair follicles under the skin become plugged with oil and dead skin cells. This can cause pimples, blackheads, whiteheads, or tender bumps. It is not caused by being dirty.
Key facts
- Acne is very common, especially in teenagers.
- It is not caused by poor hygiene, and washing more won't clear it.
- Good skincare and early treatment can reduce the chances of scarring.
Yes. Acne is one of the most common skin conditions in the world. Most people will have at least a few pimples at some point, often during their teenage years.
Acne mainly affects teenagers, but it can happen at any age. It is more common in puberty, and many women experience acne in adulthood, often around their menstrual cycle.
Symptoms
- Acne itself is not a medical emergency. Call your local emergency number if a pimple becomes a large, hot, painful swelling and you also develop a fever, chills, red streaks spreading from the area, or difficulty breathing.
- ⚠See a doctor the same day if you have a painful deep acne cyst that does not improve, or signs of infection such as spreading redness, warmth, tenderness, or pus with swelling.
Common symptoms
- Blackheads (small dark bumps) or whiteheads (closed plugged pores)
- Red, tender bumps (papules)
- Pimples with white pus at the top (pustules)
- Large, firm, painful lumps under the skin (nodules or cysts)
- Oily skin
- Dark spots or scars after spots heal
Symptoms in children
- Acne in children often looks the same as in adults, including blackheads, whiteheads and pimples.
- Some children may develop acne earlier if they are entering puberty early, and inflamed pimples can be more sore.
Symptoms in older adults
- In older adults, acne may appear as fewer, deeper, painful bumps along the jawline, chin, or neck.
- Skin may be drier, and irritation from skincare products is more common.
Causes
Main causes
- Hormone changes that increase oil production in the skin
- Excess oil mixing with dead skin cells to block pores
- Bacteria that normally live on the skin multiplying in blocked pores causing inflammation
- Inflammation caused by the body's immune response to blocked pores
Risk factors
- Being a teenager or young adult
- Hormonal changes (periods, pregnancy, stress)
- Family history of acne
- Use of oily or comedogenic cosmetics (products that can block pores)
- Pressure or friction on skin from helmets, collars, phones, or backpacks
- Some medicines (ask your doctor if you think a medicine is making acne worse)
- High stress levels that can worsen symptoms
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- See a doctor urgently if you have signs of infection or a very painful, deep, swollen spot that is not improving.
Book a routine appointment if:
- Make a routine appointment if acne is persistent, painful, or not getting better with over-the-counter self-care after several weeks.
- Also see a doctor if acne is leaving dark marks or scars, or if it is affecting your mood and confidence.
Diagnosis
A doctor can usually diagnose acne by looking at your skin and asking about your symptoms, medical history, and family history. In most cases, no tests are needed.
Tests that may be done
- Most people will not need any tests. If your doctor suspects a hormonal problem, they may suggest a blood test.
What to expect at your appointment
The doctor will examine your face, chest, back, or other affected areas. They may ask how long you have had the spots, whether you have used any acne products, and about your general health. This is a friendly, private conversation.
Treatment
Acne treatment aims to unblock pores, reduce oil, kill excess bacteria, and lower inflammation. Many effective treatments are available, and people respond differently. A healthcare professional can help you find a plan that suits your skin.
Self-care at home
- Wash your face twice a day with a gentle cleanser and lukewarm water.
- Use non-comedogenic skincare and makeup (products designed not to block pores).
- Moisturise with a light, oil-free moisturiser if your skin feels dry.
- Do not pick, squeeze, or pop spots — this can make them worse and cause scars.
- Wash your hair regularly and keep hair products off the face.
- Change pillowcases often and clean items that touch your face, like phone screens.
Medical treatments
Doctors may recommend treatments applied to the skin, such as creams, gels, or lotions that reduce oil and inflammation or fight bacteria. They may also suggest oral treatments in tablet form for more severe or persistent acne. Other options include chemical peels, light therapy, or drainage of large cysts. All treatments take time, usually several weeks, to show results. Your healthcare provider can explain the options and any possible side effects.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is not the first choice for acne. In rare cases, a dermatologist might drain or remove a very large, painful cyst that does not respond to other treatment. This is a minor office procedure, not major surgery.
Living with this condition
Living with acne means having a consistent, gentle skincare routine and being patient. Treatments often take six to eight weeks to improve acne, and sometimes spots can seem worse before they get better.
Lifestyle tips
- Rinse your face after sweating.
- Choose hair products and cosmetics labelled non-comedogenic.
- Manage stress with breathing exercises, talking to a friend, or your favourite hobby.
- Do not smoke, as it can damage skin and slow healing.
- Protect your skin from excess sun exposure, and use a non-comedogenic sunscreen.
Diet and exercise
Some people notice that certain foods, like dairy or high-sugar, processed foods, make their acne worse, but evidence is limited. A balanced diet with vegetables, fruits and whole grains supports healthy skin. Regular exercise improves blood flow and can reduce stress, but shower soon after heavy sweating.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Acne can affect self-esteem and mood, especially when spots are large or persistent. It is common to feel frustrated or self-conscious. If acne is making you feel low, anxious, or withdrawn, speak to a doctor or a mental health professional. In the UK, you can also contact your GP for support or call your local crisis line if you need help right away.
Prevention
Acne cannot always be prevented, because hormones and genetics play a big role. But you can reduce the severity and lower your chances of flare-ups with gentle skincare, non-comedogenic products, and avoiding picking or squeezing spots.
Complications
If left untreated
- Permanent scars or dark marks left behind by deep spots
- Infected, painful acne lesions that may require medical treatment
- Poor self-esteem, anxiety, or low mood affecting daily life
Long-term outlook
The outlook for acne is very good. Most people see their acne improve with age, and even severe acne can be greatly helped by modern treatments. With time and the right support, your skin can heal and scarring can be minimised.
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
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Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 31, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.