blood pressure risk reduction

Overview

Blood pressure is the force of your blood pushing against the walls of your arteries. When this force is too high, it is called high blood pressure, or hypertension. Over time, high blood pressure can damage your heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and other parts of your body. Reducing your blood pressure risk means keeping your blood pressure in a healthy range through lifestyle habits, regular checkups, and, if needed, medicine.

Yes. High blood pressure is one of the most common health conditions worldwide. It affects about one in three adults. Many people don't know they have it.

Anyone can develop high blood pressure, but the risk increases with age. It is more common in people with a family history of high blood pressure, in people who are overweight, and in people who eat too much salt, drink too much alcohol, or do not get enough physical activity. Certain health conditions, such as diabetes or kidney disease, also increase the risk.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Most people with high blood pressure have no symptoms at all, which is why it is sometimes called the 'silent killer.'
• Some people may have headaches, shortness of breath, or nosebleeds, but these usually occur only when blood pressure is very high.

Symptoms in children

• Children can have high blood pressure too, but it is less common.
• It often links to other health conditions, such as kidney problems, or to lifestyle factors like an unhealthy diet and lack of exercise.
• Most children with high blood pressure have no symptoms.

Symptoms in older adults

• In older adults, high blood pressure is very common.
• Symptoms may be absent, but some people feel dizziness, fatigue, or headaches.
• Regular blood pressure checks are extra important with age, because the risk of complications increases.

Causes

Main causes

• The exact cause is often unknown. This is called essential hypertension.
• For some people, high blood pressure is caused by another condition, such as kidney disease, hormonal disorders, or sleep apnea.
• Certain medicines, alcohol, and illegal drugs can also raise blood pressure.

Risk factors

• Age: risk increases with age
• Family history of high blood pressure
• Being overweight or living with obesity
• Eating too much salt or not enough potassium
• Lack of physical activity
• Drinking too much alcohol
• Smoking or chewing tobacco
• Long-term stress
• Conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, and sleep apnea

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have any of the emergency symptoms listed in the 'Emergency' section, call your local emergency number right away.
• If your home blood pressure readings are much higher than your target and you feel unwell, contact a healthcare professional the same day.

Book a routine appointment if:

• Have your blood pressure checked at least once a year, or more often if your doctor recommends it.
• Talk to your doctor if you are concerned about your blood pressure risk, have a family history of high blood pressure, or have other conditions that increase your risk.

Diagnosis

Blood pressure is measured with a cuff placed around your upper arm. A reading has two numbers: systolic pressure (when the heart beats) and diastolic pressure (when the heart rests between beats). Your doctor will take several readings over time, often on different days, to confirm if your blood pressure is high.

Tests that may be done

• Blood pressure measurement in the office
• Home blood pressure monitoring to see your numbers over time
• Blood tests to check kidney function and blood sugar
• Urine test to check for kidney problems
• Electrocardiogram (ECG) to look at heart rhythm and function

What to expect at your appointment

Your doctor will discuss your blood pressure numbers and your overall health. They may ask about your family history, diet, exercise, and stress. If your blood pressure is high, they may recommend lifestyle changes and possibly medicines. You are a partner in your care, and it's okay to ask questions at any time.

Treatment

Treatment for high blood pressure focuses on lowering your blood pressure to a safe level and protecting your heart, brain, and kidneys. For many people, lifestyle changes are the first step. Some people also need medicine. Your doctor will create a plan that fits your needs and health history.

Self-care at home

• If your doctor prescribes medicine, take it exactly as directed. Do not skip doses without speaking to your doctor.
• If your doctor advises home monitoring, check your blood pressure regularly and write down the readings to share at appointments.
• Limit alcohol and stop smoking if you smoke.
• Talk to your doctor before taking any over-the-counter medicines, cold remedies, or supplements, because some can raise blood pressure.

Medical treatments

If lifestyle changes alone are not enough, doctors can prescribe medicines that help lower blood pressure. These medicines work in different ways—some relax blood vessels, some help the kidneys remove extra salt and water, and others slow the heart or reduce the heart's workload. The right choice depends on your health and any other conditions you may have. Your doctor will start with a low dose and adjust it over time to find what works best for you.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not a usual treatment for high blood pressure itself. However, if a specific cause is found, such as a narrowed or damaged artery, a procedure or surgery may be recommended to treat that underlying problem. Your doctor will explain all options if this applies to you.

Living with this condition

Living with or at risk of high blood pressure is a long-term journey. Small changes every day can make a big difference. Build a routine that includes plenty of movement, healthy meals, enough sleep, and ways to relax. Take any medicines as directed and attend your follow-up appointments.

Lifestyle tips

• Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity on most days, like walking, cycling, or swimming.
• Eat a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins.
• Cut down on salty foods and add less salt when cooking.
• Limit alcohol, or avoid it entirely.
• Manage stress with deep breathing, mindfulness, or talking to someone you trust.
• Get enough sleep — most adults need 7–9 hours each night.

Diet and exercise

A heart-healthy diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, and limits on salt and sugar can help lower blood pressure. Regular physical activity, such as brisk walking, strengthens your heart and helps it pump with less effort. Even small changes, like taking the stairs or walking during a break, count.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Getting a high blood pressure diagnosis can cause worry or stress. Stress itself can raise blood pressure, so it is important to care for your emotional health too. Try relaxation techniques, stay connected with friends and family, and talk to your doctor if you feel anxious or overwhelmed. Seeking support is a sign of strength.

Prevention

You can reduce your risk of developing high blood pressure—and you can lower your blood pressure if it is already high—by making heart-healthy choices: eating well, staying active, managing stress, and avoiding tobacco and excess alcohol. It is possible to prevent or delay high blood pressure.

Vaccines

There is no vaccine for high blood pressure. Staying up to date with other recommended vaccines, such as flu and COVID-19, can help protect your overall health and reduce the risk of complications.

Screening programmes

Regular blood pressure screening is key. Even if you feel fine, you can have high blood pressure. Ask your doctor or pharmacist to check your blood pressure at least once a year, or more often if you have risk factors.

Complications

If left untreated

• Heart attack or stroke
• Heart failure
• Kidney damage or kidney failure
• Vision loss
• Aneurysm – a weakened bulging area in a blood vessel
• Memory and thinking problems

Long-term outlook

With the right care and support, many people with high blood pressure live long, full lives. Even a small drop in blood pressure can reduce your risk of heart disease and stroke. You can take things step by step, and your healthcare team will help you along the way.

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