fever risk reduction

Overview

A fever is a temporary rise in body temperature, usually in response to an infection. It is a normal sign that your immune system is fighting germs.

Yes, fever is very common. Most people experience a fever several times a year, especially as part of colds or other minor infections.

Anyone can get a fever. However, young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems may need extra attention and care.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Body temperature of about 38°C (100.4°F) or higher measured with a thermometer
• Sweating or chills
• Headache or muscle aches
• Feeling tired or weak
• Loss of appetite

Symptoms in children

• Fussiness or clinginess
• Poor feeding or reduced appetite
• Sleeping more than usual or being hard to wake
• Flushed skin or a rash
• Seizures with high fever (called febrile seizures) – these are usually not dangerous but need medical review

Symptoms in older adults

• Confusion or changes in thinking
• Weakness or falls
• Reduced appetite or thirst
• Decreased activity or drowsiness
• Sometimes only a slight temperature rise or no fever despite an infection

Causes

Main causes

• Viral infections, such as colds, flu, and COVID-19
• Bacterial infections, such as throat or urinary infections
• Other inflammatory conditions, like some immune disorders
• Heat exhaustion or high outdoor temperatures
• After some vaccinations, as a normal immune response

Risk factors

• Being very young or very old
• Having a weakened immune system, for example due to chronic illness or certain treatments
• Living in crowded settings
• Not being up to date with recommended vaccines
• Travelling to places with infections that are uncommon in your home country

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• Fever in a baby under 3 months old
• Fever associated with a severe headache, stiff neck, or rash
• Fever with difficulty breathing or chest pain
• Fever with persistent vomiting or inability to keep fluids down
• Fever after returning from a region with serious infectious diseases

Book a routine appointment if:

• Fever that lasts more than 3 days but without emergency signs
• Recurrent fevers that come back frequently
• A fever that worries you, especially if you have an ongoing health condition
• Signs of mild dehydration, such as darker urine than usual

Diagnosis

A fever is usually diagnosed by taking your temperature with a thermometer. A healthcare provider will also ask about your symptoms and any recent exposure to germs to find the likely cause.

Tests that may be done

• No tests are needed for most simple fevers.
• A doctor may order blood or urine tests if they suspect a bacterial infection.
• A chest X-ray or other imaging may be used if there are signs of a chest infection or other complications.

What to expect at your appointment

You will be asked about how the fever started, what symptoms you have, and any travel or contact with sick people. The doctor will check your temperature and may gently feel your neck and listen to your chest. They will recommend whether you need more tests or treatment.

Treatment

Treatment focuses on helping you feel comfortable and staying well hydrated. The aim is not always to bring the temperature down quickly, because fever is your body's way of fighting infection.

Self-care at home

• Rest as much as possible.
• Drink plenty of clear fluids: water, broth, or oral rehydration solution according to local advice.
• Wear light clothing and use a light sheet if you feel hot.
• Place a cool, damp cloth on your forehead or wrists for comfort.
• Avoid heavy layers and excessive blankets, which may trap heat.
• Monitor your temperature if you feel worse or if the fever lasts a long time.

Medical treatments

A pharmacist or doctor may suggest an over-the-counter fever reducer to help you feel more comfortable, but always follow the recommended dose for your age and weight. If an infection is the cause, a healthcare provider might prescribe antibiotics or antiviral medicines only when appropriate. Never take antibiotics without a prescription.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not used to treat a fever itself. In rare cases, surgery may be needed for an underlying cause, such as an abscess, but this is decided by a specialist.

Living with this condition

While you have a fever, take time to rest and stay close to home. Keep a bottle of water nearby and drink regularly. You can go back to normal activities gradually when your temperature is normal and you feel better.

Lifestyle tips

• Wash your hands often and avoid touching your face.
• Follow your local vaccination schedule.
• Avoid close contact with people who have infections.
• Do not share cups, utensils, or towels when you or others are unwell.
• Clean high-touch surfaces, such as door handles and phone screens, regularly.

Diet and exercise

Eat light, easy-to-digest meals if you feel hungry, but do not force food if you are not hungry. Drink fluids regularly – water is best. Avoid heavy exercise or sports until the fever has completely settled and you feel rested.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Fevers can make you feel low, anxious, or frustrated, especially if they last a few days. It is normal to feel this way. Talk to a trusted friend or family member about how you are feeling. If you are struggling emotionally, ask your healthcare provider for support.

Prevention

Not every fever can be prevented, but you can reduce the chance of infections that commonly cause fever by practicing good hygiene and staying healthy.

Vaccines

Vaccines are one of the most effective ways to prevent many infectious diseases that cause fever, such as flu and COVID-19. Ask your doctor or local health service which vaccines are recommended for you.

Complications

If left untreated

• Dehydration, especially in young children and older adults
• Febrile seizures in children between 6 months and 5 years – these look alarming but usually do not cause long-term problems
• Missed diagnosis of a more serious infection if the fever is the only sign
• Worsening of an underlying medical condition

Long-term outlook

The outlook for a fever is almost always good. With rest, fluids, and sensible self-care, most fevers settle within days. If you follow the warning signs and seek medical advice when needed, serious outcomes are rare.

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