Indoor air quality basics

Overview

Indoor air quality means how clean or polluted the air inside your home, school, or workplace is. Good indoor air quality is healthy to breathe; poor indoor air may contain dust, chemicals, or mold that can affect your health.

Yes, indoor air quality affects everyone, because most people spend a lot of time inside their homes, schools, or offices.

It affects people of all ages, but those with asthma, allergies, or long-term lung conditions are more sensitive to poor indoor air quality. Children and older adults may also be more vulnerable.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Coughing or wheezing
• Sneezing or runny nose
• Eye, nose, or throat irritation
• Headaches or feeling tired
• Dizziness or nausea

Symptoms in children

• More frequent colds or respiratory infections
• Worsening asthma symptoms
• Irritability or trouble sleeping

Symptoms in older adults

• Increased shortness of breath
• Worsening of existing lung or heart conditions
• Confusion or fatigue

Causes

Main causes

• Mold and mildew from damp areas
• Dust mites and pet dander
• Tobacco or wood smoke
• Household chemicals like cleaning products, paints, or air fresheners
• Radon gas or carbon monoxide leaks

Risk factors

• Poor ventilation (windows closed, no exhaust fans)
• Living in a home with carpet, old furniture, or damp basements
• Using unvented heaters or stoves
• New paint, new furniture, or recent renovations
• Pets that shed fur or feathers

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you or someone in your home has severe shortness of breath or chest pain, call your local emergency number immediately.
• If you suspect carbon monoxide poisoning (headache, dizziness, confusion) go to urgent care or call for help right away.

Book a routine appointment if:

• See a doctor if you have ongoing cough, sneezing, or headaches that seem worse when you are indoors.
• If you have asthma or allergies and your symptoms keep getting worse, talk to your doctor about possible indoor triggers.

Diagnosis

There is no single test for poor indoor air quality. Doctors diagnose based on your symptoms, when they happen, and what you do indoors. They may ask about your home environment and any recent changes.

Tests that may be done

• Allergy tests (skin or blood) to see if you are sensitive to dust mites, mold, or pet dander
• Lung function tests to check for asthma or other lung problems
• Home inspection by a professional (like measuring humidity, radon, or carbon monoxide levels)

What to expect at your appointment

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, when they occur, and if they get better when you leave the building. They may recommend keeping a symptom diary. You might also be asked to check for obvious indoor air issues yourself.

Treatment

Treatment focuses on improving indoor air quality and managing any health problems poor air has caused. Most improvements are things you can do yourself at home.

Self-care at home

• Open windows regularly to let fresh air in, when weather allows.
• Use exhaust fans in kitchens and bathrooms to remove moisture and odors.
• Clean and vacuum often with a HEPA filter to reduce dust and pet dander.
• Fix any leaks or damp areas to prevent mold growth.
• Avoid smoking indoors and limit use of scented candles or strong cleaners.
• Consider using an air purifier with a HEPA filter in sleeping areas.

Medical treatments

If poor indoor air has triggered allergies or asthma, your doctor may suggest medicines such as antihistamines, nasal sprays, or inhalers. These help relieve symptoms but do not fix the air quality problem. Your doctor will give you specific instructions based on your condition.

Living with this condition

Paying attention to indoor air quality is a simple habit. Check for damp spots, avoid burning candles or incense, and keep your home well-ventilated. A simple step like opening a window for a few minutes each day can make a big difference.

Lifestyle tips

• Keep humidity levels between 30% and 50% (use a dehumidifier if needed).
• Don't allow smoking inside your home.
• Choose low-chemical cleaning products or make your own with vinegar and baking soda.
• Wash bedding regularly in hot water to kill dust mites.

Diet and exercise

While diet does not directly affect indoor air, a healthy diet supports your immune system and lungs. Regular exercise outdoors can help your lungs stay strong, but try to avoid exercising in areas with high outdoor pollution.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Living in a stuffy or moldy indoor environment can increase feelings of stress, fatigue, or low mood. Taking steps to improve your indoor air can help you feel more comfortable and less worried about your health.

Prevention

Yes, many indoor air problems can be prevented by keeping your home clean, dry, and well-ventilated. Simple changes like fixing leaks, using a doormat, and removing shoes indoors can reduce pollutants.

Complications

If left untreated

• Worsening asthma or allergy symptoms
• Increased risk of respiratory infections
• Chronic cough or sinus infections
• Long-term exposure to some pollutants (like radon) may increase cancer risk

Long-term outlook

Most indoor air quality issues can be improved with simple changes. Even small steps often lead to better breathing and fewer symptoms. With awareness and action, you can create a healthier home environment.

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