preventing PCOS symptoms

Overview

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal condition that affects how a woman's ovaries work. It can cause irregular periods, extra body hair, acne, and weight gain. While there is no cure, symptoms can be managed with lifestyle changes and medical support.

Yes, PCOS is one of the most common hormonal disorders in people of reproductive age. It affects approximately 8–13% of women and people with ovaries, though rates vary by population.

PCOS usually starts in the teenage years or early twenties. Anyone with ovaries can develop it, regardless of ethnicity. People with a family history of PCOS or type 2 diabetes are more likely to develop it.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Irregular, infrequent, or very heavy periods
• Extra facial or body hair (hirsutism)
• Acne and oily skin
• Weight gain or difficulty losing weight
• Thinning hair on the scalp
• Mood changes or low self-esteem

Symptoms in children

• Irregular or absent menstrual cycles
• Acne that is severe or does not improve with usual care
• Unusual weight gain or trouble managing weight
• Increased body hair
• Darkened patches of skin, often on the neck or under the arms (related to insulin resistance)

Symptoms in older adults

• Periods may become more regular or stop, but other symptoms may continue
• Higher risk of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and type 2 diabetes
• Persistent excess hair growth or scalp hair thinning
• Changes in weight and energy levels that can be managed with lifestyle support

Causes

Main causes

• The exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood, but it runs in families.
• Most people with PCOS have insulin resistance – their body does not use insulin effectively, which can raise blood sugar and insulin levels.
• Higher-than-normal levels of androgen hormones (male-type hormones) are involved, which can block ovulation and cause symptoms like acne and excess hair.

Risk factors

• A family history of PCOS or type 2 diabetes
• Being overweight or having obesity
• Insulin resistance or pre-diabetes
• Lack of regular physical activity
• Poor diet high in processed foods and sugary drinks

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have missed your period for more than 3 months
• If you experience heavy bleeding that soaks through sanitary products
• If you have signs of diabetes such as extreme thirst or frequent urination

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have irregular periods that interfere with your daily life
• If you have trouble getting pregnant
• If you are bothered by acne, excess hair growth, or weight gain
• If you have severe mood changes or feel very anxious or depressed

Diagnosis

A doctor will ask about your symptoms, periods, and family history. They may do a physical exam, order blood tests, and arrange a pelvic ultrasound. Diagnosis is usually made if you have at least two of: irregular ovulation (irregular periods), high androgen levels (or their effects), and polycystic ovaries seen on ultrasound.

Tests that may be done

• Blood tests to check hormone levels (such as testosterone and other androgen hormones)
• Blood tests for blood sugar and cholesterol
• Pelvic ultrasound to look at the ovaries and womb lining
• Blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) checks

What to expect at your appointment

Your doctor may refer you to a gynaecologist (specialist in female reproductive health) or an endocrinologist (hormone specialist). The diagnosis process can take a little time because other conditions need to be ruled out. Be open about all your symptoms so your doctor can give you the most accurate care.

Treatment

PCOS has no cure, but symptoms can be managed well. The main approach is a healthy lifestyle, including balanced meals and regular exercise. Depending on your goals (whether you are concerned about symptoms, future fertility, or catching long-term health problems early), your doctor may suggest medication and other support.

Self-care at home

• Build a healthy eating pattern rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and lean protein
• Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week, such as brisk walking or swimming
• If you are overweight, losing even 5–10% of your body weight can improve symptoms a lot
• Get enough sleep and try to manage stress with activities like yoga, meditation, or talking with friends
• Keep track of your periods using an app or calendar

Medical treatments

Medications may be used to regulate menstrual cycles, reduce acne or excess hair growth, and improve insulin sensitivity. These are usually hormonal medicines or insulin-sensitising agents. Your doctor will talk to you about the benefits and side effects. Some people also use cosmetic treatments for unwanted hair, such as creams, laser, or electrolysis. Always discuss any treatment with a qualified healthcare provider.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is rarely needed for PCOS. In specific cases where ovulation is difficult to achieve, a minor surgical procedure called ovarian drilling (or ovarian cautery) may be offered to improve the chance of ovulation. This is not a routine first-line treatment and is discussed only if fertility is a major concern and other options have not worked.

Living with this condition

Living with PCOS means finding routines that work for you. Set small, realistic goals – like adding one extra portion of vegetables a day or taking a 15-minute walk after meals. Be patient and kind to yourself, as lasting change happens step by step.

Lifestyle tips

• Move your body regularly – any type of physical activity helps
• Eat a balanced diet without extreme restriction or fad diets
• Try strength training, which can improve insulin sensitivity
• Limit sugary drinks and highly processed foods
• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol intake
• Practice good sleep habits (aim for 7–9 hours a night)

Diet and exercise

The best eating pattern for PCOS is balanced and sustainable. Include plenty of non-starchy vegetables, fruits, whole grains, beans and lentils, and lean proteins. Cut down on refined carbohydrates like white bread, sugary cereals, and sweets. Exercise helps your body use insulin more effectively – even a daily 30-minute walk makes a difference.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

PCOS can affect how you feel about your body and mood. Symptoms like unwanted hair, acne, and weight changes can be distressing, and fertility worries can add extra stress. Many people experience anxiety or depression. It is important to talk to your doctor about your mental health. If you ever have thoughts of harming yourself, please reach out to your local crisis line, or go to your nearest emergency department – you deserve immediate support.

Prevention

PCOS often runs in families, so you cannot always prevent it entirely. However, you can take steps to reduce the severity of symptoms and lower the risk of long-term problems. Starting healthy habits early – such as balanced eating and regular activity – is the best way to protect your health and keep symptoms under control.

Screening programmes

Your doctor may recommend regular check-ups to monitor blood sugar, cholesterol, and blood pressure. This helps catch and manage related conditions such as type 2 diabetes and heart problems early.

Complications

If left untreated

• Type 2 diabetes
• High blood pressure and high cholesterol
• Sleep apnoea (pauses in breathing during sleep)
• Fertility problems
• Endometrial (womb lining) changes if periods are very infrequent

Long-term outlook

The outlook for PCOS is positive when the condition is managed. With a good diet, regular activity, and the right medical support, most people live full, healthy lives. Symptoms often improve with weight loss and lifestyle changes, and many people successfully become pregnant if that is part of their plan. Be honest with your healthcare team about your concerns – they are there to help you.

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