preventing testicular

Overview

Testicular cancer starts when cells in the testicles (the two egg-shaped glands that make sperm and testosterone) grow out of control. It is a rare cancer, but it is the most common cancer in men between ages 15 and 35. The good news is that when found early, it is very treatable and most men recover fully.

Testicular cancer is not common overall. About 1 in 250 men will get it in their lifetime. It is the most common cancer in men aged 15 to 35, but it is still rare compared to other cancers.

It mainly affects younger men, but it can happen at any age. Men with an undescended testicle (a testicle that did not move into the scrotum before birth) have a higher risk.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• A lump or swelling in either testicle
• A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
• A dull ache in the lower belly or groin
• A sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum
• Pain or discomfort in a testicle or the scrotum

Causes

Risk factors

• Having an undescended testicle (a testicle that did not drop into the scrotum before birth)
• A family history of testicular cancer (father or brother)
• A personal history of testicular cancer in the other testicle
• Age: most common in men 15 to 35
• Being White: testicular cancer is more common in White men, though it affects all races

When to see a doctor

Diagnosis

Your doctor will begin by asking about your symptoms and doing a physical exam. They will gently feel your scrotum and testicles to check for any lumps, swelling, or tenderness.

Tests that may be done

• Ultrasound: a painless test that uses sound waves to create a picture of the testicles. It is the main imaging test used.
• Blood tests: these check for certain proteins (tumor markers) that testicular cancer can produce.
• CT scan: if cancer is found, this scan can check whether it has spread to other parts of the body.

What to expect at your appointment

If an ultrasound shows an abnormal area, your doctor may refer you to a urologist (a doctor who specialises in the urinary and reproductive systems). To confirm whether it is cancer, a small surgery to remove the whole testicle is usually needed. This is called a radical inguinal orchiectomy. The testicle is examined under a microscope. You will be given an anaesthetic so you will not feel pain. This procedure is very safe, and most men go home the same day or the next day.

Treatment

Testicular cancer treatment depends on the type, how far it has spread, and your overall health. The main treatments are surgery, radiation therapy (using high-energy rays), and chemotherapy (using medicines that kill cancer cells). Most men with testicular cancer need surgery to remove the affected testicle. Many go on to have a full recovery, and treatment is very effective.

Self-care at home

• After surgery, follow your doctor's instructions for wound care and rest.
• Use ice packs on the area to reduce swelling, if your doctor advises it.
• Wear supportive underwear to feel more comfortable.
• Talk to your doctor about when you can return to work, exercise, and sexual activity.

Medical treatments

For early-stage cancer, removing the testicle may be the only treatment needed. If the cancer has a higher risk of spreading, you may also receive chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Chemotherapy uses medicines given through a vein or as pills. Radiation therapy uses targeted X-rays. These treatments do not contain specific brand names; your cancer team will discuss the best plan for you. Treatment is usually given in an outpatient clinic or a hospital, and the team will help you manage any side effects.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery to remove the testicle is the standard treatment for testicular cancer. If the cancer has spread, you may also need surgery to remove lymph nodes in the abdomen. After surgery, you can often be fitted with a prosthetic (a soft implant) to make the area look and feel more normal, if you wish.

Living with this condition

After treatment, you will have regular check-ups to make sure the cancer does not come back. These visits may include blood tests and scans. You may feel tired during treatment, but most men regain their energy within a few months. It is important to let your body rest and to follow your doctor's advice about activities.

Lifestyle tips

• Do monthly self-checks to know your body and spot any changes early.
• Keep your follow-up appointments, even if you feel well.
• Limit alcohol and do not smoke, to support your overall health.
• Ask your doctor before starting any new medicines or supplements.

Diet and exercise

Eating a balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can help you feel better during and after treatment. Gentle exercise, like walking, can boost your energy and mood. Start slowly and ask your doctor what level of activity is safe for you.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

A diagnosis of testicular cancer can be stressful and emotional. It is normal to feel anxious, sad, or worried. The loss of a testicle can affect your body image and self-esteem. Talking to a counsellor, a support group, or a trusted friend can help. You do not have to face this alone.

Prevention

There is no known way to prevent testicular cancer. The best thing you can do is to know what is normal for you and to see a doctor promptly if you notice any change. Finding it early gives you the best chance of a full recovery.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening test for testicular cancer in the general population. Doing a monthly self-exam is not a screening test, but it helps you become aware of your body. If you have a higher risk, such as an undescended testicle or a family history, talk to your doctor about whether you need more frequent check-ups.

Complications

If left untreated

• If left untreated, testicular cancer can spread beyond the testicle to lymph nodes, lungs, liver, or brain.
• Advanced cancer can cause more severe symptoms and require more aggressive treatment.
• Delayed treatment can lower the chance of a full cure.

Long-term outlook

Testicular cancer is one of the most curable cancers. About 95% of men are alive 5 years after diagnosis, and for early-stage cancer, the cure rate is over 98%. Even if the cancer has spread, treatment is still very successful. With regular follow-up care, most men live full, healthy lives.

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