screening for lung

Overview

Lung cancer screening is a test to look for early signs of lung cancer in people who do not have symptoms. It usually uses a low-dose CT scan, which takes detailed pictures of your lungs.

Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. However, lung cancer screening is only for people at high risk from smoking or other factors, not for everyone.

Mostly older adults, usually aged 50 or over, who have a history of heavy smoking. People with certain job-related exposures or a strong family history may also be offered screening.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• A cough that does not go away after a few weeks
• Coughing up blood or blood-streaked spit
• Chest pain that worsens with deep breaths or coughing
• Shortness of breath or wheezing
• Unexplained weight loss

Symptoms in children

• Children are rarely screened for lung cancer. Lung cancer symptoms in children are similar to adults, but most coughs and breathing problems in children are caused by other conditions. See a doctor if your child has a persistent cough, trouble breathing, or unexplained weight loss.

Symptoms in older adults

• In older adults, symptoms can be easier to overlook. Watch for general tiredness, a new or changing cough, and chest discomfort. Older adults with a heavy smoking history should ask their doctor about screening even if they feel well.

Causes

Main causes

• Most lung cancers are linked to long-term tobacco smoking, including second-hand smoke.
• Harmful substances at work, such as asbestos, diesel exhaust, or radon gas, can also increase risk.
• A small number of lung cancers happen in people with no known risk factors.

Risk factors

• Smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes
• Age over 50
• A family history of lung cancer
• Previous radiation therapy to the chest
• Lung diseases such as COPD

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you cough up blood, have sudden chest pain, or have trouble breathing
• If you have any of the emergency symptoms listed above

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you are 50 or older and have a history of heavy smoking
• If you have a persistent cough or repeated chest infections
• If you are concerned about your exposure to smoke, radon, or other chemicals

Diagnosis

Lung cancer screening is done with a low-dose CT scan. This is a special X-ray that creates clear pictures of your lungs while using less radiation than a standard CT scan.

Tests that may be done

• Low-dose CT scan
• Further imaging tests if the scan shows anything unusual
• Biopsy (taking a small tissue sample) if cancer is suspected

What to expect at your appointment

The test takes about 10 minutes. You lie on a table while the scanner takes pictures. It is painless and you are usually back to normal activities right away. You will get the results later from your care team, who will explain what happens next.

Treatment

If the screening finds and confirms lung cancer, the treatment plan depends on the type, stage (how far it has spread), and your overall health. Your cancer care team will discuss all options with you.

Self-care at home

• Quit smoking as soon as possible
• Avoid second-hand smoke and air pollution
• Eat a balanced diet and get plenty of rest

Medical treatments

Treatment may include surgery to remove the cancer, radiation therapy (high-energy rays to kill cancer cells), and medicines that boost the immune system or target cancer cells. Sometimes chemotherapy is used. Drugs and doses are individualised by your care team.

When is surgery considered?

If lung cancer is caught early, surgery to remove the part of the lung containing the cancer may be the best option. The care team will explain whether surgery is right for you.

Living with this condition

Living with lung cancer means going to regular appointments, managing side effects, and asking for help when you need it. Your care team can connect you with specialists and support services.

Lifestyle tips

• Quit smoking and stay away from second-hand smoke
• Stay active with gentle activities such as walking, as your energy allows
• Join a support group to talk with people who understand

Diet and exercise

Aim for a balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Gentle exercise can help you feel stronger, but listen to your body and rest when needed. Talk to your care team before starting a new exercise programme.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

A cancer diagnosis can cause anxiety, fear, and sadness. These feelings are normal. Asking for support from a counsellor, psychologist, or spiritual care provider can help.

Prevention

Not all lung cancers can be prevented, but avoiding tobacco is the most important step. If you smoke, quitting now lowers your risk. Testing your home for radon and following safety rules at work also help.

Screening programmes

Screening is not the same as prevention. It is a way to find lung cancer early, when treatment is more likely to work. Talk to your doctor about whether you are eligible for lung cancer screening.

Complications

If left untreated

• Lung cancer may spread to other organs, like the liver, bones, or brain.
• It can cause fluid to build up around the lungs, making breathing harder.
• Blockage of the airways can cause pneumonia or lung collapse.

Long-term outlook

If found early, lung cancer has a much better chance of being treated successfully. Even in later stages, treatments have improved greatly. Many people live well with and beyond lung cancer.

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