sinus infection risk reduction

Overview

A sinus infection (sinusitis) happens when the sinuses, which are air-filled spaces in the skull around your nose and eyes, become swollen and inflamed. This can make it hard to breathe through your nose and cause pain or pressure in your face. Most sinus infections are caused by viruses, but some can be caused by bacteria.

Yes, sinus infections are very common. Millions of people around the world have them each year, often after a cold or allergy flare-up.

Anyone can get a sinus infection, but it is more likely in people with allergies, asthma, a weakened immune system, or who have a structural issue in the nose, like a deviated septum.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Blocked or stuffy nose
• Thick, yellow or green nasal discharge
• Pain, pressure, or fullness in the cheeks, forehead, or around the eyes
• Headache
• Reduced sense of smell
• Cough, which may be worse at night
• Bad breath
• Tiredness or fatigue
• Fever

Symptoms in children

• Cold-like symptoms lasting more than 10 days
• Irritability or fussiness
• Trouble feeding or drinking
• Breathing through the mouth
• Puffiness around the eyes

Symptoms in older adults

• Less obvious symptoms like confusion or dizziness
• A lingering cough
• Pressure or pain that may be mild
• Fatigue that worsens over time

Causes

Main causes

• Viral infections, like the common cold
• Bacterial infections that develop after a viral cold or allergy flare-up
• Allergic rhinitis (allergies that cause nasal inflammation)
• Nasal polyps or a deviated septum that blocks the sinuses
• Smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke

Risk factors

• Frequent colds
• Allergies or asthma
• Weak immune system from illness or certain medications
• Smoking or being around smoke
• Dry air or sudden changes in air pressure
• Swimming or diving in contaminated water

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• You have symptoms that are getting worse after a few days
• You have severe pain in your face or head that does not go away
• You have any of the urgent or emergency symptoms listed above

Book a routine appointment if:

• You have symptoms that last more than 10 days without getting better
• You get sinus infections that come back often
• You have allergies and think they may be making things worse

Diagnosis

Your doctor will likely ask about your symptoms and examine your nose, ears, throat, and eyes. They may gently press on your face to check for tenderness. In some cases, they may use a small scope with a light to look inside your nose.

Tests that may be done

• A nasal swab to check for bacteria or viruses (not always needed)
• A CT scan if symptoms are severe or long-lasting
• An allergy test if allergies seem to be the cause

What to expect at your appointment

For most sinus infections, no special tests are needed. Your doctor can usually tell what is going on based on your story and a quick check-up. If your symptoms persist or keep returning, your doctor may suggest seeing an ear, nose, and throat specialist.

Treatment

Treatment for a sinus infection depends on the cause. Most are caused by viruses, so antibiotics will not help. Care is focused on easing symptoms and helping your body recover. If a bacterial infection is confirmed, your doctor may prescribe a course of antibiotics.

Self-care at home

• Rest as much as you need
• Drink plenty of water and warm fluids to thin mucus
• Use a saline (salt water) nasal spray or rinse to keep your nose moist
• Use a cool-mist humidifier in your room
• Apply a warm, damp cloth over your sinuses to help relieve pain

Medical treatments

Your doctor may suggest over-the-counter pain relievers for discomfort or fever, or decongestants for short-term relief of a stuffy nose. (Always ask your pharmacist or doctor which product is safe for you.) If a bacterial infection is present, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics. For chronic or severe sinusitis, your doctor might recommend intranasal corticosteroid sprays to reduce swelling, or allergy medications if allergies are involved.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is rarely needed. It may be considered for people with chronic sinusitis that does not improve despite other treatments, or if there is a structural problem like a deviated septum or nasal polyps that block drainage.

Living with this condition

If you are prone to sinus infections, keeping your nasal passages clear and moist is key. Rinsing your nose with saline a few times a week can help. Avoid blowing your nose too forcefully, and try to keep dust and allergens to a minimum in your home.

Lifestyle tips

• Do not smoke and avoid secondhand smoke
• Limit alcohol, which can worsen nasal congestion
• Wash your hands often to avoid cold viruses
• Use a humidifier in dry air
• Avoid known allergy triggers, like pollen or pet dander

Diet and exercise

Eating a balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables supports your immune system. Drinking enough water keeps mucus thin and easy to drain. Regular exercise can also help with circulation and reduce the chance of respiratory infections, but rest during a flare-up.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Living with repeated or long-lasting sinus infections can be frustrating and may affect your sleep, mood, and energy. It is okay to feel down if your symptoms keep you from doing things you enjoy. Talk to your healthcare team if it is affecting your mental well-being.

Prevention

You cannot always prevent sinus infections, but you can lower your risk. Practicing good hygiene, managing allergies, avoiding smoke, and keeping your nose moist can all help.

Vaccines

Staying up to date with recommended vaccines could help prevent some respiratory infections that can lead to sinusitis. Ask your healthcare provider about flu, pneumonia, or COVID-19 vaccines that might be appropriate for you.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening test for sinus infections. But if you have frequent sinus infections, your doctor may check for underlying allergies or structural blockages as part of your care.

Complications

If left untreated

• In rare cases, a bacterial infection can spread to nearby areas, such as the eye socket, bones, or brain
• Chronic sinusitis can lead to a reduced quality of life, fatigue, and trouble sleeping

Long-term outlook

The outlook for sinus infections is generally very good. Most people feel better within a couple of weeks, and even chronic sinusitis can be managed well with the right treatment plan. Having a supportive healthcare team and taking steps to protect your sinuses can make a big difference.

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