Brachytherapy overview
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Brachytherapy is a type of radiation therapy for cancer. It puts tiny radioactive seeds or sources directly inside or very close to the tumour. This gives a high dose of radiation to the cancer while protecting nearby healthy tissues. The word 'brachy' comes from Greek and means 'short distance'.
Key facts
- Brachytherapy can be used for many cancers, including prostate, cervical, breast, and skin cancers.
- The radioactive sources are placed using thin tubes or needles, often during a short procedure.
- Treatment may be temporary (removed after minutes or days) or permanent (seeds left in place and become inactive over time).
Brachytherapy is a standard and common treatment option for certain cancers. It is often used in combination with other treatments like surgery or external beam radiation.
It is used for people with cancer, most often for cancers of the prostate, cervix, uterus, breast, and skin. Your cancer specialist will decide if brachytherapy is right for your type and stage of cancer.
Symptoms
- Sudden severe pain where the radioactive source is placed
- Difficulty breathing or chest pain after treatment
- Signs of an allergic reaction (swelling of face or throat, trouble swallowing)
- ⚠Fever or chills (signs of infection)
- ⚠Heavy bleeding from the treatment site
- ⚠Inability to pass urine or stool after treatment
Common symptoms
- Mild soreness or swelling around the treatment area
- Temporary changes in bladder or bowel habits (for pelvic treatments)
- Fatigue (tiredness) during or shortly after treatment
Symptoms in children
- Brachytherapy is rarely used in children. If it is, side effects are similar but may affect growing tissues more. Always discuss with a paediatric specialist.
Symptoms in older adults
- Older adults might have more fatigue or skin tenderness. They may also have other health conditions that need careful planning.
Causes
Main causes
- Brachytherapy is a treatment, not a condition. It is used to treat cancer, which itself has causes like genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors.
Risk factors
- Brachytherapy has no risk factors – it is a therapy. The patient's cancer type and stage determine if it is suitable.
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- Fever or signs of infection (chills, redness, or pus at treatment site)
- Severe bleeding from the area where the tubes or seeds were placed
- Sudden shortness of breath or chest pain
Book a routine appointment if:
- Mild side effects like soreness, fatigue, or changes in urination or bowel habits
- Any concerns about the healing process after the procedure
Diagnosis
Brachytherapy is not diagnosed. Instead, it is planned after your cancer is diagnosed through scans, biopsies, and other tests.
Tests that may be done
- Imaging scans (CT, MRI, or ultrasound) to see the exact size and location of the tumour
- Blood tests and general health assessment to make sure you are well enough for the procedure
- A treatment planning session where doctors map out where to place the radioactive sources
What to expect at your appointment
You will have a consultation with a radiation oncologist and a specialist team. They will explain what will happen during the procedure, the type of brachytherapy (temporary or permanent), and how to prepare. On the day of treatment, you may have a sedative or anaesthetic to keep you comfortable.
Treatment
Brachytherapy is a cancer treatment that uses radiation from inside the body. It can be used alone or with other treatments like surgery or chemotherapy. The goal is to destroy cancer cells while limiting radiation to normal tissues. The procedure is done by a radiation oncologist.
Self-care at home
- Rest as needed after the procedure and follow your doctor's advice on activity limits.
- Keep the treatment area clean and dry, and check for signs of infection.
- Drink plenty of fluids and eat a balanced diet to help healing.
Medical treatments
Treatment involves placing tiny radioactive seeds or catheters into or near the tumour. The radioactive source stays in place for a set time – from minutes (high-dose-rate) to days (low-dose-rate) or permanently (for prostate cancer). The doctor will give you specific instructions about radiation safety, such as avoiding close contact with children or pregnant women for a short time. Pain, swelling, or other side effects are managed with over-the-counter or prescription medications as needed.
When is surgery considered?
Brachytherapy is sometimes used after surgery to treat any remaining cancer cells, or as an alternative to surgery for certain early-stage cancers (for example, prostate or cervical cancer). Your cancer team will discuss all options.
Living with this condition
After brachytherapy, you can usually return to normal activities gradually. You may need to avoid heavy lifting or strenuous exercise for a few days. If you have permanent seeds, you can live normally with no special precautions after the first few weeks.
Lifestyle tips
- Follow any radiation safety advice given by your hospital (e.g., avoiding close contact with infants for a short time).
- Attend all follow-up appointments and scans to check the treatment's progress.
- Tell your doctor about any new symptoms or concerns.
Diet and exercise
Eat a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Gentle exercise like walking can help reduce fatigue. Avoid vigorous exercise until your doctor says it is safe.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Going through cancer treatment can be stressful. You may feel anxious, sad, or worried. These feelings are normal. Talk to your healthcare team about getting support, such as counselling or joining a support group.
Prevention
Brachytherapy is a treatment, not something that can be prevented. However, the cancers it treats may be prevented by healthy lifestyle choices, avoiding tobacco, and getting routine cancer screenings.
Vaccines
Some cancers (like cervical cancer) can be prevented by the HPV vaccine. Talk to your doctor about whether vaccination is right for you.
Screening programmes
Regular cancer screenings (e.g., Pap smears, mammograms, PSA tests) may detect cancer early, when treatments like brachytherapy are most effective.
Complications
If left untreated
- Brachytherapy is a treatment, so if it is not used when recommended, the cancer may grow or spread. Untreated cancer can cause worsening symptoms and become harder to treat.
Long-term outlook
Brachytherapy is a well-established and effective treatment for many cancers. Most people tolerate it well, and side effects are usually temporary. The outlook depends on the type and stage of cancer, but many patients achieve good outcomes. Your healthcare team will give you a realistic picture based on your situation.
Find support
International organisations
External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.
Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Related conditions
Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 16, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.
Guidance may differ by country or region. Confirm local recommendations with a qualified healthcare provider.