questions to ask before diabetes

Overview

Diabetes is a condition where your body has trouble turning food into energy. This causes sugar (glucose) to build up in your blood. If you are worried about diabetes or are about to have a test, this article lists questions you can ask your doctor. It also explains the basics of diabetes so you can have a more informed conversation.

Yes. Diabetes is one of the most common health conditions in the world. Millions of people live with it every day.

Diabetes can affect anyone, at any age. It is more common in adults over 45, people who are overweight, those with a family history of diabetes, and people who are not physically active.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Feeling very thirsty
• Urinating more often than usual
• Feeling tired or weak
• Blurred vision
• Cuts or bruises that heal slowly

Symptoms in children

• Wetting the bed after being toilet trained
• Losing weight without trying
• Feeling very hungry
• Being more tired or irritable than usual

Symptoms in older adults

• Confusion or feeling 'foggy'
• Feeling dizzy or lightheaded
• Dry, itchy skin
• More frequent infections

Causes

Main causes

• Type 1 diabetes happens when the body's immune system attacks the cells that make insulin.
• Type 2 diabetes happens when the body does not use insulin properly, or does not make enough.
• Gestational diabetes can develop during pregnancy.

Risk factors

• Family history of diabetes
• Being overweight or having obesity
• Not being physically active
• Being over 45 years old
• Certain ethnic backgrounds (such as South Asian, African-Caribbean, or Middle Eastern)

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• Go to urgent care the same day if you have a severe infection, high fever, or are unable to keep fluids down.
• If you notice any of the emergency symptoms listed above, call your local emergency number immediately.

Book a routine appointment if:

• Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any of the common symptoms of diabetes for more than a few days.
• If you have risk factors and have never been tested, ask your doctor about a screening.

Diagnosis

Doctors use blood tests to measure the amount of sugar in your blood. They usually do this in the morning or after fasting.

Tests that may be done

• A1C test – shows your average blood sugar over the past 2 to 3 months.
• Fasting blood sugar test – measures blood sugar after an overnight fast.
• Oral glucose tolerance test – measures blood sugar before and after drinking a sugary drink.

What to expect at your appointment

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, health history, and risk factors. They will take a small blood sample, usually from your arm. You may need to fast beforehand. Results usually take a few days, and your doctor will explain what they mean and next steps.

Treatment

Treatment for diabetes focuses on keeping your blood sugar in a healthy range. This usually includes lifestyle changes and, if needed, medication. Your care plan will be personalised for you.

Self-care at home

• Monitor your blood sugar as advised by your doctor.
• Take prescribed medicine exactly as instructed.
• Check your feet daily for cuts or blisters.
• Attend regular check-ups and eye exams.

Medical treatments

Treatments may include tablets that help lower blood sugar, injectable medications that help your body use sugar better, or insulin therapy. The choice depends on the type of diabetes, your health, and your lifestyle. Your doctor will explain all options and what is right for you.

When is surgery considered?

For some people with type 2 diabetes and severe obesity, weight-loss (bariatric) surgery may be an option. This is usually considered after other treatments have not been effective.

Living with this condition

Living with diabetes means making small, steady changes. You will regularly check your blood sugar, plan meals, and stay active. Over time, these habits become part of your routine.

Lifestyle tips

• Stay active with activities you enjoy.
• Drink water instead of sugary drinks.
• Eat meals at regular times.
• Get enough sleep.

Diet and exercise

A balanced diet full of vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and healthy fats helps control blood sugar. Exercise, like brisk walking, helps your body use insulin better. Speak with a dietitian or diabetic nurse for a plan that fits your life.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

It is normal to feel worried, sad, or stressed after a diabetes diagnosis. Living with a long-term condition can be hard. Be kind to yourself and talk about your feelings.

Prevention

Type 2 diabetes can often be prevented or delayed with healthy lifestyle changes. Type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented. If you are at risk, ask your doctor about steps you can take.

Vaccines

People with diabetes are at higher risk for certain infections. Staying up to date with recommended vaccines – such as flu and COVID-19 – is a key part of staying healthy.

Screening programmes

If you are over 45, overweight, or have other risk factors, talk to your doctor about regular blood sugar checks. Early detection is very helpful.

Complications

If left untreated

• Heart disease and stroke
• Nerve damage that causes pain, tingling, or numbness
• Kidney damage
• Eye damage that can affect vision
• Foot problems that can lead to serious infections

Long-term outlook

With good management and support, most people can delay or prevent these complications and live a full life. You are not alone – millions of people live with diabetes successfully. Taking small steps every day adds up to major benefits.

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