questions to ask before testicular
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Testicular cancer starts when cells in a testicle grow out of control. It is a rare cancer, but it is the most common cancer in men aged 15 to 45.
Key facts
- Testicular cancer is highly treatable, especially when found early.
- A lump in the testicle is the most common symptom.
- Treatment often includes surgery to remove the affected testicle.
It is not common. About 1 in 250 men will develop testicular cancer at some point.
It mostly affects younger men, but it can happen at any age.
Symptoms
- Sudden, severe pain in the scrotum — this could be testicular torsion, which needs urgent treatment. Call your local emergency number immediately.
- ⚠A new lump, swelling, or pain in the testicle — see a doctor within a day or two.
Common symptoms
- A painless lump or swelling in one testicle
- A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
- A dull ache in the lower belly, groin, or scrotum
- Sudden swelling or tenderness in the scrotum
Symptoms in children
- Testicular cancer is very rare in children. If you notice a lump or swelling in a child's scrotum, see a doctor.
Symptoms in older adults
- In older men, symptoms are the same, but other conditions like hernias or fluid collections are more common.
Causes
Main causes
- The exact cause is unknown. It happens when healthy cells in the testicle change and grow out of control.
Risk factors
- An undescended testicle (not going down into the scrotum at birth)
- A family history of testicular cancer
- Previous testicular cancer in the other testicle
- Being aged 15 to 45
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- A new lump or swelling in either testicle
- A change in how a testicle feels
- Persistent pain or discomfort in the scrotum
Book a routine appointment if:
- If you have risk factors, ask your doctor how often to check your testicles.
- If you notice anything unusual, don't wait for a routine appointment.
Diagnosis
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, examine your testicles, and may order an ultrasound scan. If something suspicious is found, a biopsy or surgery to remove the testicle may be needed.
Tests that may be done
- Physical examination
- Ultrasound scan of the scrotum
- Blood tests for tumour markers
- CT scan if cancer is confirmed, to see if it has spread
What to expect at your appointment
If you have a lump, you'll be seen quickly. The ultrasound is painless. If cancer is found, you'll be referred to a specialist team. You'll have time to ask questions and discuss treatment.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the stage and type of testicular cancer. The mainstays are surgery, and sometimes chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Testicular cancer is one of the most curable cancers.
Self-care at home
- Follow your doctor's advice about wound care after surgery.
- Talk to your doctor before starting any new activities after treatment.
- Keep a record of any side effects and report them.
Medical treatments
Surgery to remove the affected testicle (radical inguinal orchidectomy) is the standard first treatment. If cancer has spread, chemotherapy or radiotherapy may be used. No specific drug names are mentioned here.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is usually done as soon as possible after diagnosis to remove the whole testicle. Prosthetic testicles are available if you want one.
Living with this condition
After treatment, you'll have regular check-ups and blood tests. Most men can return to work and normal activities within a few weeks.
Lifestyle tips
- Keep up with your follow-up appointments.
- Protect your remaining testicle during sports by wearing a protective cup.
- Stay physically active as you feel able.
Diet and exercise
Eat a healthy, balanced diet and try to keep active. Exercise can help you recover and improve your mood. Always check with your care team before starting high-intensity exercise.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
A cancer diagnosis can be stressful and frightening. It's normal to feel anxious or low. Talk to your doctor if you need support. If you are in crisis, reach out to a local mental health service or call your local emergency number.
Prevention
There is no known way to prevent testicular cancer. You can reduce the risk of late diagnosis by being aware of what feels normal for you and checking regularly.
Vaccines
There is no vaccine for testicular cancer.
Screening programmes
There is no national screening programme for testicular cancer. Regular self-checks are recommended by some organisations, but the most important thing is to see a doctor if you notice a change.
Complications
If left untreated
- Testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body, especially the lungs, liver, and brain. This can be life-threatening.
Long-term outlook
With early treatment, the outlook is excellent. Even if cancer has spread, many men are cured. The chance of cure is very high for all stages.
Find support
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Related conditions
Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 31, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.