Risks and benefits of dialysis session
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Dialysis is a treatment that does some of the work your kidneys normally do when they are no longer working well. It filters waste and extra fluid from your blood, helping to keep your body in balance.
Key facts
- Dialysis helps replace lost kidney function, but it is not a cure for kidney failure.
- There are two main types: hemodialysis (using a machine) and peritoneal dialysis (using the lining of your belly).
- Most people need dialysis several times a week, each session lasting a few hours.
Dialysis is a common treatment for people with advanced kidney failure. Thousands of people around the world rely on it to stay alive.
It mainly affects people whose kidneys have stopped working properly, usually due to long-term conditions like diabetes or high blood pressure. It can affect adults and sometimes children.
Symptoms
- Chest pain or tightness during or after dialysis
- Sudden difficulty breathing
- Severe bleeding from the dialysis access site
- Fainting or losing consciousness
- ⚠Fever or chills during or after a session
- ⚠Redness, warmth, or pus around the dialysis access area
- ⚠Severe headache that does not go away
- ⚠Nausea or vomiting that prevents you from keeping fluids down
Common symptoms
- Feeling very tired or weak
- Swelling in your legs, ankles, or feet
- Shortness of breath
- Nausea or vomiting
- Muscle cramps or itching
Symptoms in children
- Poor growth or weight gain
- Loss of appetite
- Trouble concentrating at school
- Frequent headaches
Symptoms in older adults
- Confusion or trouble thinking clearly
- Increased falls or weakness
- Loss of interest in eating
- Sleep problems
Causes
Main causes
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD) that has advanced to kidney failure
- Injuries or infections that damage the kidneys severely
- Blockages in the urinary tract that affect kidney function
Risk factors
- Diabetes
- High blood pressure
- Glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the kidney filters)
- Polycystic kidney disease
- Long-term use of certain pain medicines
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- If you have any of the emergency symptoms listed above
- If you notice severe pain, bleeding, or signs of infection near your dialysis access
Book a routine appointment if:
- Stick to your regular dialysis schedule as prescribed
- See your kidney doctor (nephrologist) for routine check-ups every few months
Diagnosis
Dialysis is started when blood tests show that your kidneys are no longer able to keep your body healthy. Your doctor will check your kidney function and symptoms to decide when to begin.
Tests that may be done
- Blood tests to measure creatinine and urea levels
- Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
- Urine tests
- Ultrasound or other imaging of the kidneys
What to expect at your appointment
Before starting dialysis, you will have a discussion with your healthcare team about the options. You may need a small surgery to create an access point for dialysis. The process is explained step by step.
Treatment
Dialysis is the main treatment for kidney failure. It replaces the kidney’s filtering job and is usually needed for the rest of your life unless you receive a kidney transplant. The benefits include reduced symptoms and longer life, but there are also risks such as infection, low blood pressure, or blood clots.
Self-care at home
- Follow the diet and fluid limits recommended by your healthcare team
- Keep your dialysis access clean and dry
- Take your prescribed medicines exactly as directed
- Monitor your weight and blood pressure as instructed
Medical treatments
Dialysis is performed in a hospital or clinic using a dialysis machine (hemodialysis) or at home with a catheter (peritoneal dialysis). The frequency and duration of sessions are tailored to your needs. In some cases, medicines are given to control blood pressure, anemia, or other complications.
When is surgery considered?
A kidney transplant is a surgical option that can free you from needing dialysis. Not everyone is a candidate, but your healthcare team can discuss if it might be right for you.
Living with this condition
Living with dialysis means planning your schedule around treatment sessions. Many people continue to work, travel, and enjoy hobbies with some adjustments. Your healthcare team will help you adapt.
Lifestyle tips
- Plan meals that are low in salt, potassium, and phosphorus
- Stay active but avoid heavy lifting or contact sports near your access site
- Get enough rest and sleep
- Learn to recognize signs of infection or low blood pressure
Diet and exercise
A kidney-friendly diet is important. Work with a dietitian to make a meal plan that limits certain nutrients. Gentle exercise like walking or stretching can help your energy and mood.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
It is normal to feel upset, worried, or depressed when starting dialysis. Talk to your doctor or a counselor about your feelings. You are not alone.
Prevention
Dialysis itself is a treatment, not something you can prevent once kidney failure occurs. However, you can slow the progression of kidney disease by managing conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure.
Vaccines
People on dialysis are often advised to get vaccines for flu, pneumonia, hepatitis B, and COVID-19 to prevent infections.
Screening programmes
Regular check-ups and blood tests can catch kidney problems early. If you have diabetes or high blood pressure, your doctor will monitor your kidney function.
Complications
If left untreated
- Without dialysis, waste builds up in your blood, leading to confusion, seizures, or coma.
- Fluid overload can cause severe shortness of breath and heart problems.
- High potassium levels can cause dangerous heart rhythms.
Long-term outlook
With proper dialysis, many people live for many years and maintain a good quality of life. Advances in care continue to improve outcomes. Your healthcare team will support you every step of the way.
Find support
International organisations
- International Society of Nephrology
- World Kidney Day
External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.
Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Related conditions
Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 18, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.