Risks and benefits of radiotherapy session

Overview

Radiotherapy, also called radiation therapy, is a treatment that uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells or shrink tumours. It works by damaging the DNA inside cancer cells so they cannot grow or multiply. For many people, radiotherapy is a key part of their cancer treatment plan, often after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells.

Yes, radiotherapy is used to treat many types of cancer. It is one of the most common cancer treatments worldwide.

Radiotherapy is given to people of all ages who have cancer, from children to older adults. The decision to use radiotherapy depends on the type and stage of cancer, as well as the person's overall health.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Fatigue (feeling very tired) that may last during and after treatment
• Skin changes in the treated area, such as redness, dryness, or peeling
• Hair loss in the area being treated
• Mouth sores or difficulty swallowing if the head or neck is treated
• Nausea or loose stools if the belly area is treated

Symptoms in children

• Children may have more fatigue and sleepiness
• They might lose appetite and be irritable
• Growth and development can be affected if certain areas are treated

Symptoms in older adults

• Older adults may feel more tired and weak
• Skin changes may be more noticeable and take longer to heal
• They may have more trouble managing other health conditions during treatment

Causes

Main causes

• Radiotherapy is given to treat cancer. It is not caused by a disease; it is a treatment for cancer.

Risk factors

• Having cancer that is sensitive to radiation
• Having a tumour that is located where surgery is difficult or risky
• Having a type of cancer that tends to spread locally, like certain head and neck cancers

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• Call your care team the same day if you have severe skin burns, blisters, or an open sore in the treated area
• Report a fever of 38°C (100.4°F) or higher that lasts more than 24 hours
• If you cannot eat or drink for more than 24 hours due to nausea or mouth sores

Book a routine appointment if:

• Tell your doctor about any side effects that bother you, even if they seem minor
• Let them know if you have trouble swallowing, pain when urinating, or changes in bowel habits

Diagnosis

The decision to use radiotherapy is made after a cancer diagnosis. Before starting, you will have a planning session called a 'simulation' where the exact area to treat is mapped out using scans like CT or MRI.

Tests that may be done

• CT scan to plan the treatment area
• MRI scan if more detail is needed on soft tissues
• Blood tests to check your general health

What to expect at your appointment

During the simulation, you lie still on a table while the machine takes images. Small marks may be drawn on your skin to guide the treatment. This session takes about 30-60 minutes and is painless.

Treatment

Radiotherapy is given in sessions, usually once a day, five days a week for several weeks. Each session lasts only a few minutes. The total number of sessions depends on the type and stage of cancer. You lie still while the machine delivers radiation to the target area. You will not feel anything during the session.

Self-care at home

• Get plenty of rest and sleep when you feel tired
• Eat small, frequent meals to keep up your strength
• Drink lots of fluids (water, herbal tea) unless your doctor says otherwise
• Protect the treated skin from sunlight, heat, and cold
• Use gentle, unscented moisturisers on the area if allowed by your care team

Medical treatments

Your doctor may prescribe creams for skin reactions, medicines to control nausea, or pain relief if needed. Always follow the care team's instructions and do not use any over-the-counter products without asking them first.

When is surgery considered?

Radiotherapy is often used after surgery (called adjuvant radiotherapy) to kill any leftover cancer cells. In some cases, it is used before surgery to shrink a tumour, making it easier to remove.

Living with this condition

During radiotherapy, plan your days around your sessions. Allow time for rest after each appointment. You can usually continue normal activities like work and hobbies, but you may need to take breaks or reduce your schedule if you feel tired.

Lifestyle tips

• Avoid alcohol and smoking, as they can worsen side effects and delay healing
• Wear loose, comfortable clothing over the treated area
• Ask your care team before using any lotions, powders, or creams on the treated skin

Diet and exercise

Eat a balanced diet with plenty of protein (like eggs, fish, beans) to help your body repair. Gentle exercise, like short walks, can boost your energy and mood, but listen to your body and rest when needed.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

It is normal to feel anxious, sad, or frustrated during treatment. Talk to your care team or a counsellor if these feelings are overwhelming. If you are in crisis, reach out to a mental health support line immediately.

Prevention

Radiotherapy is a treatment, not a condition, so it does not need prevention. However, you can reduce side effects by following your care team's guidance before and during treatment.

Complications

If left untreated

• Not undergoing radiotherapy when it is recommended may allow cancer to grow or come back
• Untreated side effects like severe skin breakdown or infection could lead to hospitalisation

Long-term outlook

Most people who have radiotherapy finish their treatment with manageable side effects. The benefits of killing cancer cells often outweigh the risks. Many people go on to live full, healthy lives after treatment. Your care team will monitor you closely and help you manage any long-term effects.

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