Breast cancer screening mammogram

Overview

A mammogram is an X-ray picture of the breast. It is used to look for early signs of breast cancer, often before any symptoms appear. Screening mammograms are done regularly for people at average risk, usually starting at age 50 (or earlier based on family history).

Yes, mammograms are common. In many countries, breast cancer screening programs invite women ages 50 to 70 for a mammogram every 2 to 3 years.

Screening mammograms are primarily for women aged 50 and older who have no breast symptoms. They may also be offered to younger women with a strong family history or other risk factors. Transgender men and nonbinary people who still have breast tissue may also need mammograms.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Mammograms are for people without symptoms. However, changes that may prompt a diagnostic mammogram include: a new lump in the breast or armpit, thickening or swelling of part of the breast, dimpling or puckering of the skin, and persistent breast pain.

Symptoms in children

• Breast cancer is very rare in children. If a child has a breast lump or unusual change, they should see a doctor. A mammogram is not typically used for children due to radiation concerns; ultrasound is preferred.

Symptoms in older adults

• In older adults, screening mammograms continue to be offered based on life expectancy and overall health. Older adults may still develop breast cancer and benefit from early detection.

Causes

Main causes

• Breast cancer happens when breast cells grow out of control. The exact cause is not known, but it is linked to changes in DNA.

Risk factors

• Being older (most common risk factor)
• Having close relatives with breast or ovarian cancer
• Certain inherited gene changes (like BRCA1 and BRCA2)
• Dense breast tissue
• Previous radiation therapy to the chest
• Hormonal factors (early periods, late menopause, hormone replacement therapy)
• Obesity after menopause
• Drinking alcohol

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you discover a new lump in your breast or armpit that feels hard and does not go away, see a doctor within a few days.

Book a routine appointment if:

• Follow the screening schedule recommended by your healthcare provider. Typically, women aged 50 to 70 are invited for a mammogram every 2 to 3 years.
• If you have a family history of breast cancer, you may need to start screening earlier.

Diagnosis

A mammogram is performed by a trained radiographer (technician) in a hospital or clinic. You stand in front of the X-ray machine, and one breast at a time is gently pressed between two plates to get clear images.

Tests that may be done

• Screening mammogram (routine check for no symptoms)
• Diagnostic mammogram (for symptoms or follow-up)
• Breast ultrasound (to examine a specific area further)
• Biopsy (if a mammogram shows suspicious findings, a small sample of tissue is taken for testing)

What to expect at your appointment

During a mammogram, you will undress from the waist up and wear a gown. The radiographer will position your breast on the X-ray plate. The compression lasts a few seconds and may cause mild discomfort. The whole appointment takes about 30 minutes. The images are then reviewed by a radiologist.

Treatment

If a mammogram finds a suspicious area, the next step is usually additional tests such as an ultrasound or biopsy. If breast cancer is diagnosed, a team of specialists will discuss treatment options with you.

Self-care at home

• Before a mammogram, avoid using deodorant, antiperspirant, powder, or lotion on your breasts or armpits, as these can show up on the X-ray.
• Schedule your mammogram for a time when your breasts are least tender (for example, a week after your period).
• Keep a record of your mammogram results and bring previous images if you change clinics.

Medical treatments

Treatment for breast cancer may include surgery to remove the tumour, radiation therapy, hormone therapy to block certain hormones, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy. The choice depends on the type and stage of the cancer and your overall health. Ask your doctor about the best plan for you.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is often part of breast cancer treatment. It may involve removing just the tumour (lumpectomy) or the entire breast (mastectomy). Your doctor will explain the options and what to expect.

Living with this condition

After a routine screening mammogram, you can go back to normal activities right away. If you need follow-up tests, plan some extra time. If you are diagnosed with breast cancer, your daily routine may change during treatment; many people continue working and caring for family with support.

Lifestyle tips

• Stay physically active to help with energy and mood.
• Get enough sleep and rest when you feel tired.
• Limit alcohol intake to reduce risk of recurrence.
• Maintain a healthy weight through balanced eating.

Diet and exercise

Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein. Limit processed foods and sugary drinks. Regular exercise, such as walking 30 minutes most days, can improve overall health and reduce the risk of breast cancer coming back.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Waiting for mammogram results or facing a breast cancer diagnosis can cause anxiety, fear, and sadness. It is normal to feel this way. Talk to your doctor or a mental health professional. Many people find support groups helpful.

Prevention

There is no sure way to prevent breast cancer, but you can lower your risk by staying at a healthy weight, being physically active, limiting alcohol, and avoiding hormone replacement therapy if possible. Screening mammograms cannot prevent cancer, but they can find it early when it is easier to treat.

Screening programmes

Regular mammograms are the standard screening test for breast cancer. Talk to your doctor about when to start and how often to have one based on your age and risk factors.

Complications

If left untreated

• If breast cancer is not detected and treated early, it can grow and spread to nearby lymph nodes or other organs (metastasize). This makes treatment more complex and reduces the chance of a cure.
• Delayed diagnosis can lead to more aggressive treatment and a lower quality of life.

Long-term outlook

Thanks to regular screening and better treatments, most women diagnosed with breast cancer today survive it. The outlook is especially good when the cancer is caught early. Even with advanced cancer, many people live for years with good quality of life. Your healthcare team will work with you to give you the best possible outcome.

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