colic that comes and goes

Overview

Colic is a pattern of intense crying in an otherwise healthy baby. It often happens at the same time of day, usually in the late afternoon or evening, and can come and go, with calm periods in between. The baby may seem uncomfortable but is not sick.

Yes. About 1 in 5 babies have colic. It is one of the most common reasons parents seek medical advice in the first months.

Colic affects infants, typically between 2 weeks and 4 months of age. It can happen in both breastfed and bottle-fed babies, and in boys and girls equally.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Crying for more than 3 hours a day, at least 3 days a week, for more than 3 weeks (the 'rule of three').
• Crying episodes that come and go, often in the late afternoon or evening.
• Baby clenches fists, arches their back, or draws their legs up as if in pain.
• The baby may be hard to soothe, but then calm down as suddenly as the crying started.
• The baby feeds and gains weight normally despite the crying.

Symptoms in children

• Colic is a condition of infancy. Older children may have similar symptoms from other causes like reflux, constipation, or an infection. If your older child has repeated stomach pain or crying, talk to your health visitor or doctor.

Symptoms in older adults

• Not applicable. Colic is an infant condition and does not affect older adults.

Causes

Main causes

• The exact cause of colic is unknown.
• It may relate to an immature digestive system, gas, or mild muscle spasms in the gut.
• Some research suggests a possible imbalance of gut bacteria or a sensitivity to certain foods.
• Overstimulation, noise, or an irregular routine may also play a role.
• It is not caused by a lack of love or by something the parent did wrong.

Risk factors

• Being born prematurely (before 37 weeks).
• Exposure to tobacco smoke before or after birth.
• A family history of migraines – some studies suggest a link.
• Feeding challenges, such as a poor latch or fast milk flow.

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• Your baby has any of the emergency signs listed above.
• The crying has lasted more than a few hours and you cannot calm the baby.
• The baby refuses to feed or is losing weight.
• You feel very anxious, depressed, or that you might lose control.

Book a routine appointment if:

• If the crying pattern has lasted more than 3 weeks, or you simply want reassurance.
• Before trying any supplement, medicine, or special formula.
• If you are struggling to cope or need more support.

Diagnosis

A doctor or health visitor will ask about your baby's crying, feeding, and bowel habits. They will check that the baby is feeding well, gaining weight, and has no signs of infection or other illness. Colic is usually diagnosed when the baby is healthy and no other cause is found.

Tests that may be done

• Usually no tests are needed.
• If the doctor suspects another problem, they may recommend a urine test, blood test, or a trial change in feeding (such as changing formula or adjusting a mother's diet) – always under professional guidance.

What to expect at your appointment

The healthcare professional will reassure you and help you rule out more serious causes. They may ask you to keep a diary of crying and feeding patterns for a few days. You will leave with practical tips and a clear plan for what to watch for.

Treatment

There is no single cure for colic, but it is temporary. Treatment focuses on soothing the baby, reducing discomfort, and supporting the parents through this difficult phase.

Self-care at home

• Hold your baby skin-to-skin or use a soft baby carrier during calm moments.
• Try gentle rocking, swaying, or walking with the baby in your arms.
• Offer a dummy (pacifier) once breastfeeding is well established.
• Give your baby a warm bath or a gentle tummy massage.
• Try a quieter, dimmer room – some babies are overstimulated by noise and lights.
• Wind your baby gently after feeding, and keep the baby upright for a while after feeds.
• If you feel overwhelmed, put the baby down safely in the cot and step away for a few minutes. It is okay to take a breather.

Medical treatments

Your health visitor or doctor may talk about non-drug approaches, such as a short trial of an anti-colic medicine (for example, an over-the-counter gas-relief product) – always ask a pharmacist or healthcare professional before using any medicine in a baby. They may also suggest a trial of a hypoallergenic formula or a milk-free diet for a breastfeeding mother if an allergy is suspected. Probiotics are sometimes discussed, but evidence is limited, so ask your healthcare provider for advice.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not used for colic. If another condition is found that needs surgery (such as a blockage in the bowel), that condition is treated separately, but colic itself never requires surgery.

Living with this condition

Caring for a colicky baby can be exhausting and emotionally draining. It helps to take turns with a partner or trusted friend, so you can take short breaks. Remember that the crying is not your fault and it will end. Try to rest when the baby sleeps, even if it means leaving the housework undone.

Lifestyle tips

• Accept offers of help from family and friends.
• Keep a simple, calm routine for feeding, sleeping, and play.
• Plan low-key outings that do not overstimulate the baby.
• If you are a single parent, ask your health visitor about local support groups.

Diet and exercise

If you are breastfeeding, there is some evidence that avoiding very spicy foods, caffeine, or dairy may help a few babies, but it is not necessary for all mothers. Never make major diet changes without talking to a healthcare professional. For bottle-fed babies, do not switch formula without advice. Gentle baby massage and cycling the baby's legs can help release gas and bring comfort.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Living with a colicky baby can make you feel stressed, anxious, or depressed. Your own wellbeing matters. Talk to your doctor or health visitor about how you are feeling. If you ever feel you might hurt yourself or your baby, call your local emergency number or a crisis helpline right away. You are not alone.

Prevention

There is no proven way to prevent colic, because its exact cause is not fully known. However, avoiding smoking before and after birth may lower the risk. Feeding with a responsive, calm approach and reducing overstimulation may also help some babies.

Vaccines

Vaccinations are given according to the national schedule and are not linked to colic. Keep your baby up to date with routine immunisations unless your doctor advises otherwise.

Screening programmes

There is no screening test for colic. Regular check-ups with a health visitor or doctor are important to ensure your baby is growing and developing well.

Complications

If left untreated

• Colic itself does not harm the baby.
• The main complications are parental stress, exhaustion, and a higher risk of postnatal depression.
• In very rare cases, extreme stress can lead to a parent shaking the baby – never shake a baby. Seek immediate help if you feel overwhelmed.

Long-term outlook

Colic is temporary and nearly always resolves by 4 months of age. Most babies who have colic go on to feed, grow, and develop normally. With the right support, you and your baby will get through this challenging period.

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