Educational summary — not medical advice. Discuss with your healthcare provider.
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Dry eyes happen when your eyes do not make enough tears, or when tears evaporate too quickly. This can make your eyes feel uncomfortable, gritty, or scratchy. Tears are important to keep the surface of your eyes moist and healthy, and to protect them from infection.
Key facts
Dry eyes are very common and can affect anyone, but are more frequent as you get older.
Simple self-care steps and over-the-counter lubricating eye drops (artificial tears) often help relieve symptoms.
If left untreated, dry eyes can sometimes lead to infections or damage to the front of the eye, so it is worth speaking to a doctor if symptoms persist.
Yes, dry eyes are very common. Many people experience them from time to time, especially after long periods of screen use or in dry environments.
Dry eyes can affect people of all ages, but they are more common in older adults, particularly women after menopause. People with certain medical conditions, those who wear contact lenses, or those who spend a lot of time looking at screens are also more likely to have dry eyes.
Questions about this article
Symptoms
Call emergency services immediately if you notice:
Sudden, severe pain in the eye
Sudden loss of vision or vision changes that do not clear with blinking
Eye injury (like a scratch or chemical splash)
See a doctor urgently (same day) if you notice:
⚠Eye pain that is getting worse or does not improve with lubricating drops
⚠Redness that is severe or spreads beyond the eye
⚠Green or yellow discharge from the eye
⚠Sensitivity to light that is new or severe
Common symptoms
A gritty, sandy, or scratchy feeling in one or both eyes
Stinging or burning sensation
Redness of the eyes
Blurry vision that comes and goes, especially when reading or using a computer
Sensitivity to light
A feeling of something in the eye
Watery eyes (this can happen as a reflex to dryness)
Symptoms in children
Complaints of eye discomfort or a 'funny feeling' in the eyes
Rubbing the eyes often
Blinking more than usual
Avoiding activities like reading or screen time
Symptoms in older adults
More severe dryness and irritation, often in both eyes
Increased tearing as a reflex, which can be confusing
Difficulty wearing contact lenses if they have worn them in the past
Symptoms that are worse in the evening or in dry, windy environments
Causes
Main causes
Age – tear production tends to decrease as we get older.
Environmental factors – dry, windy, or smoky air; air conditioning; prolonged screen use (reduced blinking).
Certain medications – such as antihistamines, decongestants, and some antidepressants.
Medical conditions – including rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren’s syndrome, diabetes, and thyroid problems.
Contact lens wear – lenses can absorb tears and cause dryness.
Eyelid problems – such as blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids) or incomplete blinking.
Risk factors
Being over 50 years old
Being female
Wearing contact lenses
Spending long hours looking at computer, tablet, or phone screens
Working in a dry or air-conditioned environment
Having a diet low in omega-3 fatty acids
Having a history of autoimmune disease (like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus)
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
If you have severe eye pain or sudden vision loss
If your eye is red, painful, and you have a green or yellow discharge (possible infection)
Book a routine appointment if:
If your dry eye symptoms are bothering you for more than a few days despite trying self-care
If your symptoms are affecting your daily activities, such as reading, driving, or working
If you wear contact lenses and are having discomfort
Occasional mild dry eyes are very common and usually nothing to worry about. Simple steps like using lubricating eye drops, taking screen breaks, and using a humidifier often help. If symptoms persist or get worse, it is wise to see a doctor or an optometrist.
Diagnosis
A doctor or eye specialist will ask about your symptoms, health history, and daily habits. They will examine your eyes using a special microscope called a slit lamp to look at the surface of your eyes and eyelids.
Tests that may be done
Tear film break-up time – a dye is placed in your eye and the doctor watches how long it takes for tears to evaporate.
Schirmer test – a small strip of paper is placed under your lower eyelid to measure how much tear production you have over a few minutes.
Examination of the eyelids – to check for signs of blepharitis or other eyelid problems.
What to expect at your appointment
The tests are simple, painless, and quick. You may have a mild stinging sensation from the eye drops used. Your doctor will explain the results and discuss treatment options with you. Often, a diagnosis can be made during a standard eye exam.
Treatment
Treatment for dry eyes aims to restore a normal tear layer, reduce discomfort, and prevent damage to the eye. It often starts with simple self-care and over-the-counter lubricating drops. If symptoms persist, a doctor can offer other treatments.
Self-care at home
Use lubricating eye drops (artificial tears) as needed – these are available at pharmacies and most supermarkets.
Take regular breaks when using screens – follow the 20-20-20 rule: every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds.
Blink fully and often, especially when concentrating.
Use a humidifier in dry rooms, especially in winter or in air-conditioned spaces.
Avoid direct air from fans, heaters, or air conditioners blowing into your eyes.
Wear wrap-around sunglasses on windy days to protect your eyes.
Gently clean your eyelids with a warm, damp cloth if they feel sticky or crusty.
Medical treatments
If self-care is not enough, a doctor may suggest prescription eye drops that reduce inflammation or increase tear production. They might also recommend tiny plugs (punctal plugs) that are placed in the tear ducts to help keep tears on the eye longer. In some cases, medication to treat an underlying condition (like an autoimmune disease) can also help dry eyes. Always follow your doctor's advice about which treatment is best for you.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery for dry eyes is very rare and usually only considered if other treatments have failed. Procedures like cauterising (closing) the tear ducts can sometimes help. Your doctor will discuss the risks and benefits if surgery is a option.
Living with this condition
Living with dry eyes often means making small adjustments to your daily routine. Using lubricating drops regularly, especially before activities that dry your eyes (like reading or driving), can help. It may also help to keep a pair of glasses handy if you wear contact lenses, to give your eyes a break.
Lifestyle tips
Aim to get enough sleep – tired eyes are more prone to dryness.
Limit caffeine and alcohol – they can dehydrate you and make dry eyes worse.
Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water throughout the day.
If you smoke, try to stop – smoking can worsen dry eyes and other eye problems.
Use a humidifier in bedrooms and offices to keep the air moist.
Diet and exercise
Eating a balanced diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids (found in oily fish like salmon, flaxseeds, and walnuts) may help some people with dry eyes. There is no special diet that cures dry eyes, but good nutrition supports overall eye health. Regular exercise is fine – just be aware that dry or windy conditions might worsen symptoms.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Living with persistent dry eyes can be frustrating and sometimes affect your mood. The discomfort can make it hard to concentrate, read, or enjoy hobbies. It is normal to feel annoyed or worried. If you find that dry eyes are affecting your mental wellbeing, talk to your doctor. They can help you manage symptoms and may be able to refer you to a specialist if needed.
Prevention
You cannot always prevent dry eyes, but you can lower your risk by taking good care of your eyes. Staying hydrated, blinking often, taking screen breaks, and avoiding smoke and dry air can help. If you wear contact lenses, follow proper lens care and give your eyes regular breaks with glasses.
Vaccines
There are no vaccines for dry eyes.
Screening programmes
Routine eye exams can help detect dry eyes early. If you are at higher risk (e.g., over 50, have an autoimmune condition, or wear contact lenses), regular check-ups with an optometrist are a good idea.
Complications
If left untreated
Increased risk of eye infections – tears help protect against bacteria and viruses.
Damage to the front of the eye (corneal abrasions or ulcers) – this can cause pain and scarring.
Difficulty performing daily tasks like reading, driving, or using a computer.
Reduced quality of life due to constant discomfort.
Long-term outlook
For most people, dry eyes can be managed effectively with simple self-care and treatment. Even when symptoms are persistent, there are many options to help. With the right approach, you can minimise discomfort and protect your eye health. Speak to your doctor if you are worried – help is available.
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 9, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.
