Dry mouth

Overview

Dry mouth, also called xerostomia, happens when your mouth doesn't make enough saliva to keep it wet. Saliva helps you chew, swallow, taste, and protects your teeth from decay.

Yes, dry mouth is very common, especially in older adults and people taking certain medicines.

Anyone can get dry mouth, but it is more common in people over 65, those taking multiple medications, and people with chronic health conditions like diabetes or Sjögren’s syndrome.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• A dry, sticky feeling in the mouth
• Thick, stringy saliva
• Difficulty chewing, swallowing, or speaking
• Cracked lips or corners of the mouth
• A burning sensation on the tongue
• Bad breath

Symptoms in children

• Dry mouth can make eating uncomfortable and may lead to picky eating or speech difficulties.
• Children may complain of a dry mouth, have trouble swallowing, or get more cavities.

Symptoms in older adults

• Older adults with dry mouth are at higher risk of tooth decay, gum disease, and mouth infections.
• Dry mouth can make wearing dentures uncomfortable or difficult.

Causes

Main causes

• Taking certain medicines, such as those for allergies, high blood pressure, depression, or anxiety
• Dehydration (not drinking enough fluids)
• Medical conditions like diabetes, Sjögren’s syndrome, or HIV/AIDS
• Cancer treatments, especially radiation to the head and neck
• Nerve damage to the head or neck area

Risk factors

• Age over 65
• Smoking or using chewing tobacco
• Drinking alcohol frequently or in large amounts
• Taking multiple medications (polypharmacy)
• Having a chronic illness that affects the glands or immune system

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If dry mouth is severe and makes it very hard to swallow, speak, or if you have sudden pain or infection signs.

Book a routine appointment if:

• If dry mouth lasts for more than a few weeks and is affecting your quality of life or oral health.
• If you notice red, white, or painful patches in your mouth.
• If you are having trouble wearing dentures or your dentures don’t fit well.

Diagnosis

A doctor or dentist will ask about your symptoms, medical history, and medicines you take. They will look inside your mouth to check for signs of dryness, cracked lips, or tooth problems.

Tests that may be done

• Blood tests to check for conditions like diabetes or Sjögren’s syndrome
• A saliva flow test to measure how much saliva you produce
• Sometimes a biopsy (taking a small sample) of a salivary gland

What to expect at your appointment

The doctor will ask about when the dry mouth started, what makes it better or worse, and any other health issues. They may review your medications and suggest changes if needed. The process is straightforward and usually not painful.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the cause. Often dry mouth can be managed with self‑care and lifestyle changes. If another health condition or medication is the cause, treating that condition or adjusting the medication may help. Your doctor or dentist can recommend the best approach for you.

Self-care at home

• Sip water or sugar‑free drinks often throughout the day.
• Chew sugar‑free gum or suck on sugar‑free hard candies to stimulate saliva flow.
• Use a humidifier in your bedroom, especially at night.
• Avoid caffeine, alcohol, tobacco, and spicy or salty foods, which can make dryness worse.
• Practice good oral hygiene: brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste, floss daily, and see your dentist regularly.

Medical treatments

Your doctor may prescribe a medicine to help your body make more saliva, or recommend a mouthwash or spray that coats the mouth and provides moisture. If dry mouth is caused by medication, your doctor might adjust the dose or switch to a different drug. For certain conditions like Sjögren’s syndrome, additional treatments may be needed.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is rarely needed for dry mouth. In some cases, if a salivary duct is blocked, a simple procedure may be done to open it. Your doctor will explain if this is an option.

Living with this condition

Living with dry mouth means making small changes to stay comfortable. Keep a bottle of water with you at all times. Use saliva substitutes (such as lozenges, sprays, or gels) as needed. Protect your teeth by using fluoride products and visiting your dentist often.

Lifestyle tips

• Drink water regularly, even when you don’t feel thirsty.
• Avoid mouthwashes and products that contain alcohol.
• Try breathing through your nose instead of your mouth.
• Use a humidifier in dry indoor environments.
• If you wear dentures, talk to your dentist about special products to keep your mouth moist.

Diet and exercise

Eat soft, moist foods if swallowing is hard. Add sauces, gravies, or broth to meals. Avoid sugary snacks and drinks that can cause tooth decay. Staying active is fine, but be sure to drink extra water when exercising or in hot weather.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Dry mouth can be uncomfortable and may affect your enjoyment of food and conversation, which can be frustrating. Remember that many people manage it well, and talking to a doctor or dentist can help you find ways to feel better. If dry mouth is causing you anxiety or affecting your mood, mention it to your healthcare provider.

Prevention

You cannot always prevent dry mouth, but you can reduce your risk by staying well hydrated, avoiding tobacco and too much alcohol, and keeping up with regular dental care. If you take medicines, ask your doctor if they may cause dry mouth and if there are alternatives.

Complications

If left untreated

• Increased risk of tooth decay and cavities
• Gum disease (gingivitis and periodontitis)
• Mouth infections, especially yeast infections (like thrush)
• Difficulty swallowing, which can affect nutrition
• Sores or cracked skin in and around the mouth

Long-term outlook

For most people, dry mouth can be effectively managed with simple self‑care steps and, if needed, medical treatment. While it may be a long‑term condition for some, it does not have to stop you from enjoying life. Working with your healthcare team can keep your mouth healthy and comfortable.

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