long lasting school age

Overview

A long-term (chronic) condition is a health problem that lasts for a year or more and needs ongoing care. These include asthma, diabetes, epilepsy, eczema, and many others. With good management, most children with a long-term condition can enjoy a normal school life and grow up healthy.

Yes. A significant number of children live with at least one long-term health condition, and the number has been growing in recent years.

Children of school age (roughly ages 5 to 18) with a condition that lasts more than a year. It can affect children of any background.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Persistent tiredness or fatigue
• Repeated pain (like stomach or head)
• Coughing or trouble breathing
• Slow growth or poor weight gain
• Recurring fever or infections
• Changes in appetite or behaviour

Symptoms in children

• Difficulty keeping up with classmates in PE or play
• Absences from school due to symptoms
• Avoiding activities they used to enjoy
• Moodiness or irritability
• Trouble concentrating or sleeping

Symptoms in older adults

• This article focuses on children, but many long-term conditions also affect adults. Symptoms in older adults can be similar but may be mistaken for age-related changes.

Causes

Main causes

• In many long-term conditions, the cause is complex and may include genes, environment, and the immune system. Some are caused by infections or allergic reactions. Many have no single known cause.

Risk factors

• Family history of a chronic condition
• Premature birth
• Exposure to cigarette smoke
• Some infections in early life
• Living in difficult social or economic circumstances

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If your child's symptoms are getting worse despite care
• If you think your child is severely dehydrated
• If your child is having trouble breathing
• If your child is unusually confused or very drowsy

Book a routine appointment if:

• If your child has a symptom that lasts more than a few weeks
• If your child is not growing as expected
• If symptoms affect school or sleep
• If you have repeated concerns even if symptoms come and go

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your child's symptoms and medical history, then do a physical examination. Depending on what they find, they may arrange tests or refer you to a specialist such as a paediatrician.

Tests that may be done

• Blood tests or urine tests
• X-rays or scans
• Breathing tests (spirometry)
• Allergy tests
• Electrocardiography (ECG) or other heart tests

What to expect at your appointment

A full assessment can take several appointments. Do not be surprised if your child needs to see more than one specialist. Bring a list of your concerns and a diary of symptoms to help.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the specific condition. Many long-term conditions are controlled with daily medicines and regular check-ups, along with other therapies and lifestyle adjustments.

Self-care at home

• Follow your child's care plan and give medicines as directed
• Keep a symptom diary to spot patterns
• Communicate with your child's school about their condition
• Build a routine with enough sleep, physical activity, and time for fun

Medical treatments

Your child's healthcare team might recommend medicines, inhalers, insulin, or other treatments depending on the condition. They may also suggest physiotherapy, occupational therapy, counselling, or support groups. Always ask about the benefits and any possible side effects. Never change or stop a treatment without talking to the team.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not usually a first treatment for most long-term conditions in children. Rarely, some conditions may require an operation, but this is decided by the specialist team on a case-by-case basis.

Living with this condition

Living with a long-term condition means balancing treatment with everyday life. Most families find that routine helps. Work with your child's school to create a care plan that covers emergency medicine, PE, and exams.

Lifestyle tips

• Involve your child in self-care from an early age
• Keep an emergency supply of medicine and information
• Praise your child for managing their symptoms
• Stay in touch with the healthcare team and attend appointments

Diet and exercise

A balanced diet and age-appropriate physical activity benefit every child, including those with chronic conditions. Some conditions may need specific diet or exercise changes – ask your child's care team for personalised advice.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Living with a long-term condition can sometimes feel stressful or lonely. Children may feel different from their peers. It is important to acknowledge these feelings and seek mental health support if your child shows persistent worry, sadness, or gives up hobbies.

Prevention

You cannot always prevent a long-term condition, but you can reduce the chance of flare-ups and complications by following the care plan and keeping a healthy routine.

Vaccines

Keep your child’s vaccinations up to date, as advised on the national schedule. Vaccines protect against some infections that can make chronic conditions worse.

Screening programmes

Screening may be offered for some conditions depending on your child's symptoms or family history. Ask your doctor about what is appropriate.

Complications

If left untreated

• Frequent flare-ups and hospital admissions
• Poor growth and development
• Absence from school and missed education
• Low mood, anxiety or social isolation
• Damage to organs if some conditions are not treated

Long-term outlook

Most children with long-term conditions grow up to lead full, active lives. With a good care plan, support at school, and a positive home environment, your child can achieve as much as any other child.

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