Numbness in older adults

Overview

Numbness is a loss of feeling or sensation in a part of the body. In older adults, it often affects the hands, feet, arms, or legs. It can feel like a 'pins and needles' sensation, or like the area has 'gone to sleep'.

Yes, numbness is quite common in older adults. About one in three people over the age of 65 experience some form of numbness, particularly in their feet or hands.

Numbness can affect anyone, but it is more common in older adults, especially those with conditions like diabetes, vitamin deficiencies, or circulation problems.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Feeling like your hand or foot has 'fallen asleep'
• A pins-and-needles sensation
• Loss of sensation or feeling in a limb
• Weakness or clumsiness in the affected area
• Burning or tingling feelings

Symptoms in children

• Numbness in children is less common, but can happen due to pressure on a nerve (like sitting on a leg) or from conditions like migraines or diabetes.
• Children may describe it as their limb feeling 'weird' or 'like it's not there'.

Symptoms in older adults

• Numbness often starts in the feet or toes and may move up the legs.
• It can be accompanied by balance problems or difficulty walking.
• Older adults may notice numbness that does not go away or that gets worse over time.

Causes

Main causes

• Pressure on a nerve (e.g., from sitting or lying in one position)
• Peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage) – often caused by diabetes, vitamin B12 deficiency, or alcohol use
• Poor blood circulation, such as from peripheral artery disease
• Pinched nerves in the neck or back (e.g., a slipped disc)
• Certain medications like those for chemotherapy or high blood pressure

Risk factors

• Diabetes
• Vitamin B12 deficiency
• Heavy alcohol use
• Kidney or liver disease
• Autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus
• Age over 65

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If numbness comes on suddenly and is on one side of the body
• If you have numbness with weakness, difficulty speaking, or vision changes

Book a routine appointment if:

• If numbness lasts more than a few days without a clear cause
• If numbness is getting worse or spreading
• If you have numbness and also have diabetes or other chronic conditions

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, medical history, and any other health conditions. They will also do a physical exam to check your reflexes, muscle strength, and sensation.

Tests that may be done

• Blood tests to check for diabetes, vitamin deficiencies, or thyroid problems
• Nerve conduction studies to see how well nerves are working
• MRI or CT scan if a pinched nerve or spine problem is suspected
• Ultrasound to check blood flow in your limbs

What to expect at your appointment

The doctor may refer you to a neurologist (a nerve specialist) or a physiatrist (a rehabilitation doctor). You may need follow-up tests or appointments to monitor your condition.

Treatment

Treatment for numbness depends on the cause. In many cases, addressing the underlying problem can improve or stop the numbness. Simple lifestyle changes and medical treatments can help manage symptoms.

Self-care at home

• Move your body regularly and avoid staying in one position for too long
• Check your feet daily for cuts or sores if you have diabetes
• Wear well-fitting shoes and avoid tight socks
• Apply a warm (not hot) cloth to the numb area to improve blood flow

Medical treatments

Your doctor may recommend physical therapy to strengthen muscles and improve balance. For nerve-related numbness, treatments might include pain relief medications, nerve block injections, or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). If a vitamin deficiency is the cause, your doctor may suggest supplements. Always follow your doctor's advice and do not change medications on your own.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery may be an option if a pinched nerve or a herniated disc is causing numbness and other treatments have not helped. Your doctor will discuss the risks and benefits with you.

Living with this condition

Living with numbness can be frustrating, but there are ways to cope. Use assistive devices like grab bars in the bathroom if you are unsteady. Ask for help with tasks that require fine motor skills, like buttoning clothes. Take your time when walking to avoid falls.

Lifestyle tips

• Stay active with low-impact exercises like walking, swimming, or tai chi
• Avoid alcohol and smoking, as they can worsen nerve damage
• Manage stress through relaxation techniques like deep breathing or meditation
• Check your skin regularly for any cuts or injuries you may not feel

Diet and exercise

A healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can support nerve health. Make sure to get enough vitamin B12 from foods like eggs, fish, and fortified cereals. Regular exercise improves circulation and can help reduce numbness.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Chronic numbness can be frustrating and may lead to feelings of anxiety or low mood. It's normal to feel this way. Talk to your doctor or a counsellor if you need support. You are not alone.

Prevention

Not all numbness can be prevented, but you can lower your risk. Managing chronic conditions like diabetes, eating a balanced diet, staying active, and avoiding excessive alcohol can help keep your nerves healthy.

Screening programmes

Regular check-ups with your doctor can help catch conditions like diabetes or vitamin deficiencies early, before they cause nerve damage.

Complications

If left untreated

• Increased risk of falls or injuries because you may not feel pain or pressure
• Skin sores or infections that go unnoticed, especially on the feet
• Muscle weakness or wasting if the numbness is due to nerve damage

Long-term outlook

For many people, numbness improves once the underlying cause is treated. Even when it does not fully go away, there are ways to manage symptoms and maintain a good quality of life. With the right care and support, most older adults can stay active and safe.

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